{"doi":"10.1093/gerona/glab043","title":"Prevalence of Memory-Related Diagnoses Among U.S. Older Adults With Early Symptoms of Cognitive Impairment","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Early diagnosis of cognitive impairment may confer important advantages. Yet the prevalence of memory-related diagnoses among older adults with early symptoms of cognitive impairment is unknown. METHODS: A retrospective, longitudinal cohort design using 2000-2014 Health and Retirement Survey-Medicare linked data. We leveraged within-individual variation to examine the relationship between incident cognitive impairment and receipt of diagnosis among 1225 individuals aged 66 or older. Receipt of a memory-related diagnosis was determined by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes. Incident cognitive impairment was defined as the first assessment wherein the participant's modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status score was less than 12. RESULTS: The unadjusted prevalence of memory-related diagnosis at cognitive impairment was 12.0%. Incident cognitive impairment was associated with a 7.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.6% to 9.0%; p < .001) higher adjusted probability of any memory-related diagnosis overall, yielding 9.8% adjusted prevalence of diagnosis. The increase in likelihood of diagnosis associated with cognitive decline was significantly higher among non-Hispanic Whites than non-Hispanic Blacks (8.2% vs -0.7%), and among those with at least a college degree than those with a high school diploma or less (17.4% vs 6.8% vs 1.6%). Those who were younger, had below-median wealth, or without a partner had lower probability of diagnosis than their counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: We found overall low prevalence of early diagnosis, or high rate of underdiagnosis, among older adults showing symptoms of cognitive impairment, especially among non-Whites and socioeconomically disadvantaged subgroups. Our findings call for targeted interventions to improve the rate of early diagnosis, especially among vulnerable populations.","journal":"The Journals of Gerontology Series A","year":2021,"id":176085,"datarank":0.4636563680037475,"base_score":3.091042453358316,"endowment":3.091042453358316,"self_citation_contribution":0.4636563680037475,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.4636563680037475,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":21,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9456,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":226027,"name":"Xi Chen","orcid":"0000-0002-2058-0351","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":718640,"name":"Diwen Tang","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":396959,"name":"Amy S. Kelley","orcid":"0000-0002-6345-9834","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":697746,"name":"Jing Li","orcid":"0000-0001-7028-3681","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":718040,"name":"Yuting Qian","orcid":"0000-0002-9496-2299","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":33,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:47:19.591542Z","pmid":"33575783","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}