{"doi":"10.1093/cid/ciab519","title":"Antibodies to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in <i>All of Us</i> Research Program Participants, 2 January to 18 March 2020","abstract":"BACKGROUND: With limited severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) testing capacity in the United States at the start of the epidemic (January-March 2020), testing was focused on symptomatic patients with a travel history throughout February, obscuring the picture of SARS-CoV-2 seeding and community transmission. We sought to identify individuals with SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the early weeks of the US epidemic. METHODS: All of Us study participants in all 50 US states provided blood specimens during study visits from 2 January to 18 March 2020. Participants were considered seropositive if they tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies with the Abbott Architect SARS-CoV-2 IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the EUROIMMUN SARS-CoV-2 ELISA in a sequential testing algorithm. The sensitivity and specificity of these ELISAs and the net sensitivity and specificity of the sequential testing algorithm were estimated, along with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: The estimated sensitivities of the Abbott and EUROIMMUN assays were 100% (107 of 107 [95% CI: 96.6%-100%]) and 90.7% (97 of 107 [83.5%-95.4%]), respectively, and the estimated specificities were 99.5% (995 of 1000 [98.8%-99.8%]) and 99.7% (997 of 1000 [99.1%-99.9%]), respectively. The net sensitivity and specificity of our sequential testing algorithm were 90.7% (97 of 107 [95% CI: 83.5%-95.4%]) and 100.0% (1000 of 1000 [99.6%-100%]), respectively. Of the 24 079 study participants with blood specimens from 2 January to 18 March 2020, 9 were seropositive, 7 before the first confirmed case in the states of Illinois, Massachusetts, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, and Mississippi. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings identified SARS-CoV-2 infections weeks before the first recognized cases in 5 US states.","journal":"Clinical Infectious Diseases","year":2021,"id":160938,"datarank":0.519860385419959,"base_score":3.4657359027997265,"endowment":3.4657359027997265,"self_citation_contribution":0.519860385419959,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.519860385419959,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":31,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9563,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":556653,"name":"David J. Schlueter","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":225488,"name":"Hoda Anton‐Culver","orcid":"0000-0002-9603-0110","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":357683,"name":"James D. Cherry","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":22022,"name":"Joshua C. Denny","orcid":"0000-0002-3049-7332","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":434143,"name":"Isaac Thomsen","orcid":"0000-0001-9240-0164","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":218345,"name":"Elizabeth W. Karlson","orcid":"0000-0001-5455-7443","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":619232,"name":"Fiona P. Havers","orcid":"0000-0001-9873-6195","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":555877,"name":"Mine Cicek","orcid":"0000-0002-5629-2159","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":72552,"name":"Stephen N. Thibodeau","orcid":"0000-0003-0078-8558","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":265768,"name":"Lígia A. Pinto","orcid":"0000-0002-3130-9882","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":218030,"name":"Douglas R. Lowy","orcid":"0000-0003-0635-219X","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":320509,"name":"Bradley Malin","orcid":"0000-0003-3040-5175","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":14419,"name":"Lucila Ohno‐Machado","orcid":"0000-0002-8005-7327","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":557883,"name":"Carolyn Williams","orcid":"0000-0002-5667-486X","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1061,"name":"David Goldstein","orcid":null,"position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":675942,"name":"Aymone Kouame","orcid":null,"position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":279182,"name":"Andrea H. Ramirez","orcid":"0000-0002-6460-0182","position":17,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":674974,"name":"Adrienne S. Roman","orcid":"0000-0001-6703-5433","position":18,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":85400,"name":"Norman E. Sharpless","orcid":"0000-0001-7078-9455","position":19,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":311291,"name":"Kelly A. Gebo","orcid":"0000-0003-4010-398X","position":20,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":6450,"name":"Sheri D. Schully","orcid":"0000-0003-1550-9224","position":21,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":240243,"name":"Keri N. Althoff","orcid":"0000-0002-5068-6595","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":22,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:44:52.299342Z","pmid":"34128970","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}