{"doi":"10.1093/cid/ciab449","title":"Racial Disparities in Invasive<i>Haemophilus influenzae</i>Disease—United States, 2008–2017","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Since the introduction of Haemophilus influenzae serotype b (Hib) conjugate vaccines in the United States, invasive H. influenzae disease epidemiology has changed, and racial disparities have not been recently described. METHODS: Active population- and laboratory-based surveillance for H. influenzae was conducted through Active Bacterial Core surveillance at 10 US sites. Data from 2008-2017 were used to estimate projected nationwide annual incidence, as cases per 100 000. RESULTS: During 2008-2017, Active Bacterial Core surveillance identified 7379 H. influenzae cases. Of 6705 patients (90.9%) with reported race, 76.2% were White, 18.6% were Black, 2.8% were Asian/Pacific Islander, and 2.4% were American Indian or Alaska Native (AI/AN). The nationwide annual incidence was 1.8 cases/100 000. By race, incidence was highest among AI/AN populations (3.1) and lowest among Asian/Pacific Islander populations (0.8). Nontypeable H. influenzae caused the largest incidence within all races (1.3), with no striking disparities identified. Among AI/AN children aged <5 years, incidence of H. influenzae serotype a (Hia) was 16.7 times higher and Hib incidence was 22.4 times higher than among White children. Although Hia incidence was lower among White and Black populations than among AI/AN populations, Hia incidence increased 13.6% annually among White children and 40.4% annually among Black children aged <5 years. CONCLUSIONS: While nontypeable H. influenzae causes the largest H. influenzae burden overall, AI/AN populations experience disproportionately high rates of Hia and Hib, with the greatest disparity among AI/AN children aged <5 years. Prevention tools are needed to reduce disparities affecting AI/AN children and address increasing Hia incidence in other communities.","journal":"Clinical Infectious Diseases","year":2021,"id":201196,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":7,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.5777,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":459444,"name":"Amy Blain","orcid":"0000-0002-0472-6314","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":779948,"name":"Kari Burzlaff","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":281657,"name":"Lee H. Harrison","orcid":"0000-0002-3787-2705","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":314163,"name":"Susan Petit","orcid":"0000-0001-6057-5007","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":254225,"name":"William Schaffner","orcid":"0000-0002-1375-8078","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":283517,"name":"Chad Smelser","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":254227,"name":"Ann Thomas","orcid":"0000-0002-8851-8482","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":779949,"name":"Lori Triden","orcid":null,"position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":439379,"name":"James Watt","orcid":"0000-0002-3256-6522","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":459447,"name":"Tracy Pondo","orcid":"0000-0003-0997-7152","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":460402,"name":"Melissa Whaley","orcid":null,"position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":459448,"name":"Fang Hu","orcid":"0000-0003-0562-2602","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":445764,"name":"Xin Wang","orcid":"0000-0002-7157-0022","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":225714,"name":"Sara E. Oliver","orcid":"0000-0002-1587-9551","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":459442,"name":"Heidi M. Soeters","orcid":"0000-0002-9415-9340","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":511259,"name":"Nicole Brown","orcid":"0000-0002-3184-0550","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":45,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:50:52.535403Z","pmid":"33993217","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}