{"doi":"10.1093/cid/ciab154","title":"Characteristics and Factors Associated With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection, Hospitalization, and Mortality Across Race and Ethnicity","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Data on the characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients disaggregated by race/ethnicity remains limited. We evaluated the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients across racial/ethnic groups and assessed their associations with COVID-19 outcomes. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study examined 629 953 patients tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in a large health system spanning California, Oregon, and Washington between March 1 and December 31, 2020. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were obtained from electronic health records. Odds of SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-19 hospitalization, and in-hospital death were assessed with multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 570 298 patients with known race/ethnicity were tested for SARS-CoV-2, of whom 27.8% were non-White minorities: 54 645 individuals tested positive, with minorities representing 50.1%. Hispanics represented 34.3% of infections but only 13.4% of tests. Although generally younger than White patients, Hispanics had higher rates of diabetes but fewer other comorbidities. A total of 8536 patients were hospitalized and 1246 died, of whom 56.1% and 54.4% were non-White, respectively. Racial/ethnic distributions of outcomes across the health system tracked with state-level statistics. Increased odds of testing positive and hospitalization were associated with all minority races/ethnicities. Hispanic patients also exhibited increased morbidity, and Hispanic race/ethnicity was associated with in-hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR], 1.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14-1.70). CONCLUSION: Major healthcare disparities were evident, especially among Hispanics who tested positive at a higher rate, required excess hospitalization and mechanical ventilation, and had higher odds of in-hospital mortality despite younger age. Targeted, culturally responsive interventions and equitable vaccine development and distribution are needed to address the increased risk of poorer COVID-19 outcomes among minority populations.","journal":"Clinical Infectious Diseases","year":2021,"id":155022,"datarank":0.6166310796259968,"base_score":4.110873864173311,"endowment":4.110873864173311,"self_citation_contribution":0.6166310796259968,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.6166310796259968,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":60,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.6177,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":109708,"name":"Sergey A. Kornilov","orcid":"0000-0002-8378-110X","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":95330,"name":"Ryan Roper","orcid":"0000-0003-0086-7029","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":555942,"name":"Hannah Cohen‐Cline","orcid":"0000-0003-4607-8762","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":555943,"name":"Kathleen Jade","orcid":"0000-0002-9482-2536","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":109707,"name":"Brett Smith","orcid":"0000-0002-2586-5014","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":6311,"name":"James R. Heath","orcid":"0000-0001-5356-4385","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":24119,"name":"George Diaz","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":109738,"name":"Jason D. Goldman","orcid":"0000-0002-3825-6832","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":109735,"name":"Andrew T. Magis","orcid":"0000-0003-0576-677X","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":6465,"name":"Jennifer J. Hadlock","orcid":"0000-0001-6103-7606","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":109701,"name":"Chengzhen L. Dai","orcid":"0000-0002-3073-211X","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":17,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:43:59.154159Z","pmid":"33608710","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}