{"doi":"10.1093/cid/ciaa102","title":"Effectiveness of Trivalent and Quadrivalent Inactivated Vaccines Against Influenza B in the United States, 2011–2012 to 2016–2017","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Since 2013, quadrivalent influenza vaccines containing 2 B viruses gradually replaced trivalent vaccines in the United States. We compared the vaccine effectiveness of quadrivalent to trivalent inactivated vaccines (IIV4 to IIV3, respectively) against illness due to influenza B during the transition, when IIV4 use increased rapidly. METHODS: The US Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness (Flu VE) Network analyzed 25 019 of 42 600 outpatients aged ≥6 months who enrolled within 7 days of illness onset during 6 seasons from 2011-2012. Upper respiratory specimens were tested for the influenza virus type and B lineage. Using logistic regression, we estimated IIV4 or IIV3 effectiveness by comparing the odds of an influenza B infection overall and the odds of B lineage among vaccinated versus unvaccinated participants. Over 4 seasons from 2013-2014, we compared the relative odds of an influenza B infection among IIV4 versus IIV3 recipients. RESULTS: Trivalent vaccines included the predominantly circulating B lineage in 4 of 6 seasons. During 4 influenza seasons when both IIV4 and IIV3 were widely used, the overall effectiveness against any influenza B was 53% (95% confidence interval [CI], 45-59) for IIV4 versus 45% (95% CI, 34-54) for IIV3. IIV4 was more effective than IIV3 against the B lineage not included in IIV3, but comparative effectiveness against illnesses related to any influenza B favored neither vaccine valency. CONCLUSIONS: The uptake of quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccines was not associated with increased protection against any influenza B illness, despite the higher effectiveness of quadrivalent vaccines against the added B virus lineage. Public health impact and cost-benefit analyses are needed globally.","journal":"Clinical Infectious Diseases","year":2020,"id":96312,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":34,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.7533,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2020-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":478255,"name":"Anupama Vasudevan","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":268711,"name":"Chandni Raiyani","orcid":"0000-0002-5448-9548","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":268713,"name":"Kempapura Murthy","orcid":"0000-0003-0437-5179","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":477486,"name":"Wencong Chen","orcid":"0009-0004-9675-2633","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":268714,"name":"Michael Reis","orcid":"0000-0002-7953-1095","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":105912,"name":"Edward A. Belongia","orcid":"0000-0001-7478-0415","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":105910,"name":"Huong Q. McLean","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":233085,"name":"Michael L. Jackson","orcid":"0000-0002-2340-0256","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":218071,"name":"Lisa A. Jackson","orcid":"0000-0002-1785-0218","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":264489,"name":"Richard K. Zimmerman","orcid":"0000-0001-5941-6092","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":264490,"name":"Mary Patricia Nowalk","orcid":"0000-0002-1702-2690","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":231053,"name":"Arnold S. Monto","orcid":"0000-0003-3018-435X","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":226888,"name":"Emily T. Martin","orcid":"0000-0002-5771-8895","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":249372,"name":"Jessie R. Chung","orcid":"0000-0001-5205-966X","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":477487,"name":"Sarah Spencer","orcid":"0000-0002-8989-1553","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":7176,"name":"Alicia M. Fry","orcid":"0000-0002-3208-9308","position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":242317,"name":"Brendan Flannery","orcid":"0000-0001-5041-308X","position":17,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":264491,"name":"Manjusha Gaglani","orcid":"0000-0002-3952-9230","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":54,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T22:34:34.781847Z","pmid":"32006430","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}