{"doi":"10.1093/cercor/bhaa226","title":"The Subgrouping Structure of Newborns with Heterogenous Brain–Behavior Relationships","abstract":"The presence of heterogeneity/subgroups in infants and older populations against single-domain brain or behavioral measures has been previously characterized. However, few attempts have been made to explore heterogeneity at the brain-behavior relationship level. Such a hypothesis posits that different subgroups of infants may possess qualitatively different brain-behavior relationships that could ultimately contribute to divergent developmental outcomes even with relatively similar brain phenotypes. In this study, we aimed to explore such relationship-level heterogeneity and delineate the subgrouping structure of newborns with differential brain-behavior associations based on a typically developing sample of 81 infants with 3-week resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans and 4-year intelligence quotient (IQ) measures. Our results not only confirmed the existence of relationship-level heterogeneity in newborns but also revealed divergent developmental outcomes associated with two subgroups showing similar brain functional connectivity but contrasting brain-behavior relationships. Importantly, further analyses unveiled an intriguing pattern that the subgroup with higher 4-year IQ outcomes possessed brain-behavior relationships that were congruent to their functional connectivity pattern in neonates while the subgroup with lower 4-year IQ not, providing potential explanations for the observed IQ differences. The characterization of heterogeneity at the brain-behavior relationship level may not only improve our understanding of the patterned intersubject variability during infancy but could also pave the way for future development of heterogeneity-inspired, personalized, subgroup-specific models for better prediction.","journal":"Cerebral Cortex","year":2020,"id":76979,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":20,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9481,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2020-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":401493,"name":"Shuxin Liu","orcid":"0000-0002-3459-7330","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":341304,"name":"Andrew Salzwedel","orcid":"0000-0002-9411-3879","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":314176,"name":"Rebecca Stephens","orcid":"0000-0003-2614-7679","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":381718,"name":"Emil Cornea","orcid":"0000-0001-8582-1729","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":366916,"name":"Barbara Davis Goldman","orcid":"0000-0002-5267-9540","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":314179,"name":"John H. Gilmore","orcid":"0000-0002-0939-6764","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":341307,"name":"Wei Gao","orcid":"0000-0002-9260-2601","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":401492,"name":"Yuanyuan Chen","orcid":"0000-0003-3047-6045","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":51,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T21:48:50.085103Z","pmid":"32946557","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}