{"doi":"10.1093/braincomms/fcab072","title":"The use of simultaneous stereo-electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography in localizing the epileptogenic focus in refractory focal epilepsy","abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Both magnetoencephalography and stereo-electroencephalography are used in presurgical epilepsy assessment, with contrasting advantages and limitations. It is not known whether simultaneous stereo-electroencephalography–magnetoencephalography recording confers an advantage over both individual modalities, in particular whether magnetoencephalography can provide spatial context to epileptiform activity seen on stereo-electroencephalography. Twenty-four adult and paediatric patients who underwent stereo-electroencephalography study for pre-surgical evaluation of drug-resistant focal epilepsy, were recorded using simultaneous stereo-electroencephalography–magnetoencephalography, of which 14 had abnormal interictal activity during recording. The 14 patients were divided into two groups; those with detected superficial (n = 7) and deep (n = 7) brain interictal activity. Interictal spikes were independently identified in stereo-electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography. Magnetoencephalography dipoles were derived using a distributed inverse method. There was no significant difference between stereo-electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography in detecting superficial spikes (P = 0.135) and stereo-electroencephalography was significantly better at detecting deep spikes (P = 0.002). Mean distance across patients between stereo-electroencephalography channel with highest average spike amplitude and magnetoencephalography dipole was 20.7 ± 4.4 mm. for superficial sources, and 17.8 ± 3.7 mm. for deep sources, even though for some of the latter (n = 4) no magnetoencephalography spikes were detected and magnetoencephalography dipole was fitted to a stereo-electroencephalography interictal activity triggered average. Removal of magnetoencephalography dipole was associated with 1 year seizure freedom in 6/7 patients with superficial source, and 5/6 patients with deep source. Although stereo-electroencephalography has greater sensitivity in identifying interictal activity from deeper sources, a magnetoencephalography source can be localized using stereo-electroencephalography information, thereby providing useful whole brain context to stereo-electroencephalography and potential role in epilepsy surgery planning.</jats:p>","journal":"Brain Communications","year":2021,"id":28266,"datarank":0.9737531366423176,"base_score":2.4849066497880004,"endowment":2.4849066497880004,"self_citation_contribution":0.37273599746820013,"citation_network_contribution":0.6010171391741175,"self_endowment_contribution":0.37273599746820013,"citer_contribution":0.6010171391741175,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":11,"citer_count":10,"citers_with_citation_signal":9,"citers_with_endowment":9,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":158783,"name":"Chunyan Cao","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":52948,"name":"Wei Liu","orcid":"0000-0002-1737-8013","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":13180,"name":"Jing Zhang","orcid":"0000-0002-5970-0509","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":158784,"name":"Fergus Rugg-Gunn","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":158785,"name":"Matthew C Walker","orcid":"0000-0002-0812-0352","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":158786,"name":"Vladimir Litvak","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":158787,"name":"Bomin Sun","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":158788,"name":"Shikun Zhan","orcid":null,"position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":158782,"name":"Umesh Vivekananda","orcid":"0000-0001-6116-2335","position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"base_score":2.4849066497880004,"endowment":2.4849066497880004,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"33977268","pmcid":"PMC8099997","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W3153433522","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"National Institute of Health Research, Epilepsy Research UK","grant_id":"P1906","title":null},{"funder_name":"Medical Research Council","grant_id":"MR/T033150/1","title":"Magnetoencephalographic telemetry in epilepsy using OP-MEG sensors"},{"funder_name":"Academy Medical Sciences","grant_id":"SGL021\\1002","title":null},{"funder_name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)","grant_id":"CL-2018-18-011","title":null},{"funder_name":"Wellcome Trust","grant_id":"unidentified","title":"unidentified"},{"funder_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","grant_id":"","title":null},{"funder_name":"Wellcome Trust","grant_id":"","title":null},{"funder_name":"Wellcome Trust","grant_id":"","title":null}],"total_grants":8,"fwci":1.198,"citation_percentile":0.76775869,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2022,"count":2},{"year":2023,"count":3},{"year":2024,"count":3},{"year":2025,"count":2},{"year":2026,"count":1}],"oa_status":"gold","license":"cc-by","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcab072","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/braincomms/article-pdf/3/2/fcab072/41412707/fcab072.pdf","host_type":"GOLD"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcab072","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"http://academic.oup.com/braincomms/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/braincomms/fcab072/36994367/fcab072.pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33977268","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10127577/","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8099997","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8099997","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8099997?pdf=render","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/braincomms/article-pdf/3/2/fcab072/37855200/fcab072.pdf","host_type":""},{"url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcab072","host_type":""},{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcab072","host_type":""},{"url":"https://discovery-pp.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10127577/","host_type":""}],"fields_of_study":["Epilepsy research and treatment","EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","Neonatal and fetal brain pathology","Medicine"],"mesh_terms":[],"keywords":["Magnetoencephalography","Electroencephalography","Ictal","Epilepsy","Epilepsy surgery","Brain activity and meditation","Psychology","Neuroscience","Audiology","Medicine","Stereo-electroencephalography","Original Article"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":2,"sdg_label":"2. Zero hunger"},{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Good health and well-being"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-06-08T21:04:41.501891Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}