{"doi":"10.1093/bioinformatics/btad730","title":"Re-analysis and meta-analysis of summary statistics from gene–environment interaction studies","abstract":"MOTIVATION: statistics from genome-wide association studies enable many valuable downstream analyses that are more efficient than individual-level data analysis while also reducing privacy concerns. As growing sample sizes enable better-powered analysis of gene-environment interactions, there is a need for gene-environment interaction-specific methods that manipulate and use summary statistics. RESULTS: We introduce two tools to facilitate such analysis, with a focus on statistical models containing multiple gene-exposure and/or gene-covariate interaction terms. REGEM (RE-analysis of GEM summary statistics) uses summary statistics from a single, multi-exposure genome-wide interaction study to derive analogous sets of summary statistics with arbitrary sets of exposures and interaction covariate adjustments. METAGEM (META-analysis of GEM summary statistics) extends current fixed-effects meta-analysis models to incorporate multiple exposures from multiple studies. We demonstrate the value and efficiency of these tools by exploring alternative methods of accounting for ancestry-related population stratification in genome-wide interaction study in the UK Biobank as well as by conducting a multi-exposure genome-wide interaction study meta-analysis in cohorts from the diabetes-focused ProDiGY consortium. These programs help to maximize the value of summary statistics from diverse and complex gene-environment interaction studies. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: REGEM and METAGEM are open-source projects freely available at https://github.com/large-scale-gxe-methods/REGEM and https://github.com/large-scale-gxe-methods/METAGEM.","journal":"Bioinformatics","year":2023,"id":367693,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":5,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9501,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":326885,"name":"Kenneth E. Westerman","orcid":"0000-0001-7619-1868","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":752691,"name":"Cong Pan","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":708912,"name":"Ling Chen","orcid":"0000-0001-7699-4820","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":645953,"name":"Shylaja Srinivasan","orcid":"0000-0002-8049-6370","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":323528,"name":"Elvira Isganaitis","orcid":"0000-0003-3477-0305","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":453634,"name":"Mary Ellen Vajravelu","orcid":"0000-0002-5839-7923","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":431893,"name":"Fida Bacha","orcid":"0000-0002-9942-1889","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1125726,"name":"Steve Chernausek","orcid":null,"position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":371624,"name":"Rose Gubitosi‐Klug","orcid":"0000-0002-7376-6870","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":342446,"name":"Jasmin Divers","orcid":"0000-0003-0120-7620","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":342442,"name":"Catherine Pihoker","orcid":"0000-0001-9074-7770","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":313697,"name":"Santica M. Marcovina","orcid":"0000-0002-9118-8488","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":16116,"name":"Alisa K. Manning","orcid":"0000-0003-0247-902X","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":16071,"name":"Han Chen","orcid":"0000-0002-9510-4923","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":558713,"name":"Duy T. Pham","orcid":"0009-0007-2586-2087","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":23,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:15:16.306414Z","pmid":"38039147","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}