{"doi":"10.1093/bioinformatics/btab331","title":"Utilizing image and caption information for biomedical document classification","abstract":"MOTIVATION: Biomedical research findings are typically disseminated through publications. To simplify access to domain-specific knowledge while supporting the research community, several biomedical databases devote significant effort to manual curation of the literature-a labor intensive process. The first step toward biocuration requires identifying articles relevant to the specific area on which the database focuses. Thus, automatically identifying publications relevant to a specific topic within a large volume of publications is an important task toward expediting the biocuration process and, in turn, biomedical research. Current methods focus on textual contents, typically extracted from the title-and-abstract. Notably, images and captions are often used in publications to convey pivotal evidence about processes, experiments and results. RESULTS: We present a new document classification scheme, using both image and caption information, in addition to titles-and-abstracts. To use the image information, we introduce a new image representation, namely Figure-word, based on class labels of subfigures. We use word embeddings for representing captions and titles-and-abstracts. To utilize all three types of information, we introduce two information integration methods. The first combines Figure-words and textual features obtained from captions and titles-and-abstracts into a single larger vector for document representation; the second employs a meta-classification scheme. Our experiments and results demonstrate the usefulness of the newly proposed Figure-words for representing images. Moreover, the results showcase the value of Figure-words, captions and titles-and-abstracts in providing complementary information for document classification; these three sources of information when combined, lead to an overall improved classification performance. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: Source code and the list of PMIDs of the publications in our datasets are available upon request.","journal":"Bioinformatics","year":2021,"id":177506,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":20,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.8279,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":384462,"name":"Xiangying Jiang","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":721849,"name":"Gongbo Zhang","orcid":"0009-0001-0077-3615","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":568890,"name":"Juan Trelles Trabucco","orcid":"0000-0002-0367-9763","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":49671,"name":"Daniela Raciti","orcid":"0000-0002-4945-5837","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":227446,"name":"Cynthia L. Smith","orcid":"0000-0003-3691-0324","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":254862,"name":"Martin Ringwald","orcid":"0000-0002-5696-5421","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":402194,"name":"G. Elisabeta Marai","orcid":"0000-0002-7212-9669","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":57221,"name":"Cecilia N. Arighi","orcid":"0000-0002-0803-4817","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":383642,"name":"Hagit Shatkay","orcid":"0000-0001-6953-3970","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":383641,"name":"Pengyuan Li","orcid":"0000-0002-8205-7611","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":62,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:47:32.096934Z","pmid":"34252939","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}