{"doi":"10.1093/aje/kwab209","title":"Early-Life Exposure to Green Space and Mid-Childhood Cognition in the Project Viva Cohort, Massachusetts","abstract":"The association between early-life greenness and child cognition is not well understood. Using prospective data from Project Viva (n = 857) from 1999-2010, we examined associations of early-life greenness exposure with mid-childhood cognition. We estimated residential greenness at birth, early childhood (median age 3.1 years), and mid-childhood (7.8 years) using 30-m resolution Landsat satellite imagery (normalized difference vegetation index). In early childhood and mid-childhood, we administered standardized assessments of verbal and nonverbal intelligence, visual-motor abilities, and visual memory. We used natural splines to examine associations of early life-course greenness with mid-childhood cognition, adjusting for age, sex, race, income, neighborhood socioeconomic status, maternal intelligence, and parental education. At lower levels of greenness (greenness <0.6), greenness exposure at early childhood was associated with a 0.48% increase in nonverbal intelligence and 2.64% increase in visual memory in mid-childhood. The association between early-childhood greenness and mid-childhood visual memory was observed after further adjusting for early childhood cognition and across different methodologies, while the association with nonverbal intelligence was not. No other associations between early life-course greenness and mid-childhood cognition were found. Early childhood greenness was nonlinearly associated with higher mid-childhood visual memory. Our findings highlight the importance of nonlinear associations between greenness and cognition.","journal":"American Journal of Epidemiology","year":2021,"id":170193,"datarank":0.8646177885764037,"base_score":3.367295829986474,"endowment":3.367295829986474,"self_citation_contribution":0.5050943744979712,"citation_network_contribution":0.3595234140784325,"self_endowment_contribution":0.5050943744979712,"citer_contribution":0.3595234140784325,"corpus_percentile":76.71540187205075,"corpus_rank":3011,"citation_count":28,"citer_count":22,"citers_with_citation_signal":16,"citers_with_endowment":16,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":true,"is_dataset_confidence":0.5211,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":331282,"name":"Jessica R. Shoaff","orcid":"0000-0003-4063-9872","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":283194,"name":"Marianthi‐Anna Kioumourtzoglou","orcid":"0000-0001-5710-4992","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":324533,"name":"Susan Korrick","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":254530,"name":"Sheryl L. Rifas‐Shiman","orcid":"0000-0003-0033-920X","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":230358,"name":"Marie‐France Hivert","orcid":"0000-0001-7752-2585","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":239883,"name":"Emily Oken","orcid":"0000-0003-2513-3339","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":242719,"name":"Peter James","orcid":"0000-0002-2858-1973","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":217976,"name":"Marcia Pescador Jimenez","orcid":"0000-0001-5240-7898","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":54,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:46:19.728805Z","pmid":"34308473","pmcid":"PMC8897997","fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}