{"doi":"10.1093/ajcn/nqaa375","title":"Effect of varying quantities of lean beef as part of a Mediterranean-style dietary pattern on lipids and lipoproteins: a randomized crossover controlled feeding trial","abstract":"BACKGROUND: It remains unclear whether red meat consumption is causatively associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, and few randomized controlled studies have examined the effect of incorporating lean beef into a healthy dietary pattern. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of a Mediterranean (MED) diet (carbohydrate 42%, protein 17%, fat 41%, SFAs 8%, MUFAs 26%, PUFAs 8%) with 14 (MED0.5; 0.5 oz), 71 (MED2.5; 2.5 oz), and 156 (MED5.5; 5.5 oz) g/d/2000 kcal lean beef compared with an average American diet (AAD; carbohydrate 52%, protein 15%, fat 33%, SFAs 12%, MUFAs 13%, PUFAs 8%) on lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, particle number, and size. METHODS: This was a multicenter, 4-period controlled feeding, randomized crossover study. Fifty-nine generally healthy males and females (BMI 20-38 kg/m2; age 30-65 y) consumed each diet for 4 wk with a ≥1-wk washout between the diets. Fasting blood samples were collected at baseline and at the end of each 4-wk period. Lipid subfractions were measured by NMR. RESULTS: Compared with the AAD, all 3 MED diets decreased LDL cholesterol (MED0.5: -10.3 mg/dL; 95% CI: -5.4, -15.7 mg/dL; MED2.5: -9.1 mg/dL; 95% CI: -3.9, -14.3 mg/dL; MED5.5: -6.9 mg/dL; 95% CI: -1.7, -12.1 mg/dL; P < 0.0001). All MED diets elicited similar reductions in total LDL particle number compared with baseline (P < 0.005); however, significant decreases only occurred with MED0.5 (-91.2 nmol/L; 95% CI: -31.4, -151.0 nmol/L) and MED2.5 (-85.3 nmol/L; 95% CI: -25.4, -145.2 nmol/L) compared with AAD (P < 0.003). Compared with the AAD, non-HDL cholesterol (P < 0.01) and apoB (P < 0.01) were lower following the 3 MED diets; there were no differences between the MED diets. All diets reduced HDL-cholesterol and HDL particle number from baseline (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Lipid and lipoprotein lowering was not attenuated with the inclusion of lean beef in amounts ≤71 g (2.5 oz)/d as part of a healthy low-saturated-fat Mediterranean-style diet.This study is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02723617.","journal":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition","year":2020,"id":103690,"datarank":1.2108112984890482,"base_score":3.258096538021482,"endowment":3.258096538021482,"self_citation_contribution":0.4887144807032224,"citation_network_contribution":0.7220968177858258,"self_endowment_contribution":0.4887144807032224,"citer_contribution":0.7220968177858258,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":25,"citer_count":22,"citers_with_citation_signal":20,"citers_with_endowment":20,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9559,"is_data_producer":true,"deposit_databanks":{"ClinicalTrials.gov":["NCT02723617"]},"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2020-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":233815,"name":"Penny M. Kris‐Etherton","orcid":"0000-0001-6012-4900","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":477708,"name":"Kristina H. Petersen","orcid":"0000-0002-1944-6972","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":274355,"name":"David J. Baer","orcid":"0000-0003-3454-2097","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":504760,"name":"Jennifer Fleming","orcid":"0000-0003-1009-0225","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":27,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T22:42:48.999009Z","pmid":"33826691","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}