{"doi":"10.1093/advances/nmac068","title":"Perspective: School Meal Programs Require Higher Vitamin D Fortification Levels in Milk Products and Plant-Based Alternatives—Evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES 2001–2018)","abstract":null,"journal":"Advances in Nutrition","year":2022,"id":650651,"datarank":0.32958368660043297,"base_score":2.1972245773362196,"endowment":2.1972245773362196,"self_citation_contribution":0.32958368660043297,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.32958368660043297,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":8,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1637756,"name":"Susan J Whiting","orcid":"0000-0002-7573-0425","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1696582,"name":"Mona S Calvo","orcid":"0000-0003-4164-5334","position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Perspective: School Meal Programs Require Higher Vitamin D Fortification Levels in Milk Products and Plant-Based Alternatives—Evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES 2001–2018)","abstract":"Poor vitamin D status impairs bone growth and immune defense in school-aged children and adolescents, particularly in minorities. Vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency increases the risk of acute viral respiratory infection, underscoring the need for adequate vitamin D intakes during school sessions when viral exposure may be greatest. We studied available vitamin D-related survey data and published findings based on NHANES (2001-2018) to assess the dependency of vitamin D status {25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]; in nmol/L} on vitamin D intake (μg/d) in elementary school-aged children (4-8 y), middle school children (9-13 y), and high school adolescents (14-18 y). We sought evidence supporting the need for school programs to facilitate vitamin D adequacy. Usual vitamin D intakes from food and beverages by children/adolescents (NHANES 2015-2018) examined at the 50th percentile intake by race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic) showed all age groups consumed less than half of the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for vitamin D (10 μg/d), independent of race/ethnicity. NHANES (2001-2010) analyses show evidence of lower vitamin D status in school-aged children that is linked to lower intakes of fortified milk varying over race/ethnicity and age. Adolescents had lower vitamin D status and milk intake than younger children. A total of 22-44% of vitamin D intakes occurred away from home, with larger percentages of total intakes at breakfast and lunch, at times consistent with school meals. Ever-present inadequate vitamin D intakes with a large percentage consumed away from home together with well-established benefits to growth, bone, and immune defense from enriched vitamin D-fortified milk in school intervention trials provide strong justification to require enriched vitamin D-fortified foods in school meals. An easy to implement plan for improving vitamin D intakes is possible through the FDA's amendment allowing higher vitamin D fortification levels of dairy and plant-based milk alternatives that could increase vitamin D intakes beyond the EAR with just 2 daily servings.","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":2.1972245773362196,"endowment":2.1972245773362196,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"35671093","pmcid":"PMC9526833","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W4282032449","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration","grant_id":"","title":null}],"total_grants":1,"fwci":1.0894,"citation_percentile":0.75698509,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2023,"count":6},{"year":2024,"count":2}],"oa_status":"green","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9526833","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9526833","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S2161831323000200?httpAccept=text/xml","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S2161831323000200?httpAccept=text/plain","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/advances/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/advances/nmac068/45812822/nmac068.pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/advances/article-pdf/13/5/1440/46287610/nmac068.pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmac068","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35671093","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["Vitamin D Research Studies","Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet","Nutritional Studies and Diet","Adolescent","Animals","Child","Diet","Food, Fortified","Humans","Milk","Nutrition Surveys","Vitamin D","Vitamin D Deficiency","Vitamins"],"mesh_terms":["Adolescent","Animals","Child","Diet","Food, Fortified","Humans","Milk","Nutrition Surveys","Vitamin D","Vitamin D Deficiency","Vitamins"],"keywords":["Medicine","National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","Vitamin D and neurology","Vitamin","Fortification","Ethnic group","Environmental health","Percentile","Meal","vitamin D deficiency","Gerontology","Population","Internal medicine","Food science","Biology","25-hydroxyvitamin D","Nhanes","Vitamin D Insufficiency","Vitamin D-fortified Milk","Vitamin D-enriched Milk","Usda School Meal Program","Plant-based Milk Intended As Milk Alternatives","School-aged Children/adolescents"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"No poverty"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[{"name":"doi"}],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-10T05:52:47.427028Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}