{"doi":"10.1089/vim.2024.0007","title":"Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Human Pegivirus Coinfected Individuals Display Functional Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells and Follicular T Cells Irrespective of PD-1 Expression","abstract":"Human pegivirus (HPgV) appears to alter the prognosis of HIV disease by modulating T cell homeostasis, chemokine/cytokine production, and T cell activation. In this study, we evaluated if HPgV had any ‘favorable’ impact on the quantity and quality of T cells in HIV-infected individuals. T cell subsets such as CD4lo, CD4hi, and CD8+ T cells, CD4+ MAIT cells, CD8+ MAIT cells, follicular helper T (TFH) cells, and follicular cytotoxic T (TFC) cells were characterized based on the expression of markers associated with immune activation (CD69, ICOS), proliferation (ki67), cytokine production (TNF-α, IFN-γ), and exhaustion (PD-1). HIV+HPgV+ individuals had lower transaminase SGOT (liver) and GGT (biliary) in the plasma than those who were HPgV−. HIV/HPgV coinfection was significantly associated with increased absolute CD4+ T cell counts. HIV+HPgV+ and HIV+HPgV− individuals had highly activated T cell subsets with high expression of CD69 and ICOS on bulk CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, CD4+ MAIT cells, CD8+ MAIT cells, and CXCR5+CD4+ T cells and CXCR5+CD8+ T cells compared with healthy controls. Irrespective of immune activation markers, these cells also displayed higher levels of PD-1 on CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells . Exploring effector functionality based on mitogen stimulation demonstrated increased cytokine production by CD4+ MAIT and CD8+ MAIT cells. Decrease in absolute CD4+ T cell counts correlated positively with intracellular IFN-γ levels by CD4lo T cells, whereas increase of the same correlated negatively with TNF-α in the CD4lo T cells of HIV+HPgV+ individuals. HIV/HPgV coinfected individuals display functional CD4+ and CD8+ MAIT, TFH, and TFC cells irrespective of PD-1 expression.","journal":"Viral Immunology","year":2024,"id":465617,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":4,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9615,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":435766,"name":"Yean K. Yong","orcid":"0000-0002-8409-6251","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":364797,"name":"Amudhan Murugesan","orcid":"0000-0003-4713-2927","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":716984,"name":"Sakthivel Govindaraj","orcid":"0000-0001-5764-6142","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":961492,"name":"Sivadoss Raju","orcid":"0000-0002-0524-2979","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":432913,"name":"Pachamuthu Balakrishnan","orcid":"0000-0002-1710-9155","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":435768,"name":"Marie Larsson","orcid":"0000-0002-4524-0177","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":280890,"name":"Vijayakumar Velu","orcid":"0000-0003-4238-1924","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":340123,"name":"Esaki M. Shankar","orcid":"0000-0002-7866-9818","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":961490,"name":"Jaisheela Vimali","orcid":"0009-0002-1607-1658","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":43,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:04:50.328230Z","pmid":"38808464","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}