{"doi":"10.1089/thy.2023.0654","title":"Prevalence of Thyroid Nodules in Residents of Ukraine Exposed as Children or Adolescents to Iodine-131 from the Chornobyl Accident","abstract":"Background: Although childhood exposure to radioactive iodine-131 (I-131) is an established risk factor for thyroid cancer, evidence for an association with thyroid nodules is less clear. The objective of this study is to evaluate the association between childhood I-131 exposure and prevalence of ultrasound-detected thyroid nodules overall and by nodule histology/cytology (neoplastic/suspicious/non-neoplastic), size (<10 mm/≥10 mm), and number (single/multiple). Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of radiation dose (mean = 0.53 gray, range: 0.0003–31 gray) and screen-detected thyroid nodules conducted in 1998–2000 (median population age 21.5 years) in a cohort of 13,243 residents of Ukraine who were under 18 years at the time of the Chornobyl accident on April 26, 1986. Excess odds ratios per gray (excess odds ratio [EOR]/Gy) and confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using logistic regression. Results: Among 13,078 eligible individuals, we identified 358 (2.7%) with at least one thyroid nodule. Significantly increased dose–response associations were found for all nodules and nodule groups with doses <5 Gy except individuals with non-neoplastic nodules. Among individuals with doses <5 Gy, the EOR/Gy for neoplastic nodules (5.35; CI: 2.19–15.5) was significantly higher than for non-neoplastic nodules (0.24; CI: 0.07–0.74), but the EOR/Gy did not vary by nodule size or number. Conclusions: Childhood exposure to I-131 is associated with an increased risk of thyroid nodules detected 12–14 years following exposure, and the risk for neoplastic nodules is higher than for non-neoplastic nodules. Analyses of incident thyroid nodules may help clarify dose–response patterns by nodule characteristics and provide insights into thyroid nodule etiology.","journal":"Thyroid","year":2024,"id":457642,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":5,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.965,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1283185,"name":"Eric C. Grimm","orcid":"0000-0002-6977-3859","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":477148,"name":"Kiyóhiko Mabuchi","orcid":"0000-0002-8867-8777","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":490591,"name":"Zhi‐Ming Mai","orcid":"0000-0001-9772-0669","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":891413,"name":"Rui Zhang","orcid":"0000-0002-7779-8722","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":427895,"name":"Vladimir Drozdovitch","orcid":"0000-0002-7952-379X","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":530040,"name":"Maureen Hatch","orcid":"0000-0001-9209-1269","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":251242,"name":"Mark P. Little","orcid":"0000-0003-0980-7567","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1283598,"name":"Kamau O. Peters","orcid":null,"position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":530041,"name":"Bogdanova Ti","orcid":"0000-0001-5119-0236","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1283599,"name":"Evgeniy Shelkovoy","orcid":null,"position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":946504,"name":"Victor Shpak","orcid":"0000-0002-6983-5490","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1283600,"name":"Galyna Terekhova","orcid":null,"position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":946503,"name":"Galyna Zamotayeva","orcid":"0000-0002-2298-0105","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1283186,"name":"I.P. Pasteur","orcid":"0000-0002-8199-833X","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":452906,"name":"Sergii Masiuk","orcid":"0000-0002-5123-9674","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":626283,"name":"Mykola Chepurny","orcid":"0000-0001-9852-0669","position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":726885,"name":"Lydia B. Zablotska","orcid":"0000-0002-0778-1108","position":17,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1283187,"name":"Robert McConnell","orcid":"0000-0002-9565-9574","position":18,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":297779,"name":"Patrick O’Kane","orcid":"0000-0001-5038-934X","position":19,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":530042,"name":"М.D. Тronko","orcid":"0000-0001-7421-0981","position":20,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":477149,"name":"Alina V. Brenner","orcid":"0000-0002-8556-3907","position":21,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":370789,"name":"Elizabeth K. Cahoon","orcid":"0000-0002-8028-0588","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":34,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:03:41.744499Z","pmid":"38757581","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}