{"doi":"10.1088/2053-1583/ace26c","title":"Effect of the deposition process on the stability of Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<i> <sub>x</sub> </i> MXene films for bioelectronics","abstract":"Abstract Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene is emerging as the enabling material in a broad range of wearable and implantable medical technologies, thanks to its outstanding electrical, electrochemical, and optoelectronic properties, and its compatibility with high-throughput solution-based processing. While the prevalence of Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene in biomedical research, and in particular bioelectronics, has steadily increased, the long-term stability and degradation of Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene films have not yet been thoroughly investigated, limiting its use for chronic applications. Here, we investigate the stability of Ti 3 C 2 T x films and electrodes under environmental conditions that are relevant to medical and bioelectronic technologies: storage in ambient atmosphere (shelf-life), submersion in saline (akin to the in vivo environment), and storage in a desiccator (low-humidity). Furthermore, to evaluate the effect of the MXene deposition method and thickness on the film stability in the different conditions, we compare thin (25 nm), and thick (1.0 μ m) films and electrodes fabricated via spray-coating and blade-coating. Our findings indicate that film processing method and thickness play a significant role in determining the long-term performance of Ti 3 C 2 T x films and electrodes, with highly aligned, thick films from blade coating remarkably retaining their conductivity, electrochemical impedance, and morphological integrity even after 30 d in saline. Our extensive spectroscopic analysis reveals that the degradation of Ti 3 C 2 T x films in high-humidity environments is primarily driven by moisture intercalation, ingress, and film delamination, with evidence of only minimal to moderate oxidation.","journal":"2D Materials","year":2023,"id":328947,"datarank":0.4636563680037475,"base_score":3.091042453358316,"endowment":3.091042453358316,"self_citation_contribution":0.4636563680037475,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.4636563680037475,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":21,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9502,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":324008,"name":"Brendan B. Murphy","orcid":"0000-0003-3021-6286","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":324010,"name":"Nicolette Driscoll","orcid":"0000-0001-8364-460X","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1050977,"name":"Mikhail Shekhirev","orcid":"0000-0002-8381-1276","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1050978,"name":"Geetha Valurouthu","orcid":"0000-0002-7241-665X","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1050979,"name":"Kateryna Shevchuk","orcid":"0000-0001-7411-3110","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1050980,"name":"Mark Anayee","orcid":"0000-0002-6691-920X","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":915849,"name":"Francesca Cimino","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":97962,"name":"Yury Gogotsi","orcid":"0000-0001-9423-4032","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":324015,"name":"Flavia Vitale","orcid":"0000-0001-8644-550X","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":334829,"name":"Sneha Shankar","orcid":"0000-0001-9281-5036","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":47,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:08:56.940647Z","pmid":"37521001","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}