{"doi":"10.1088/1361-6560/ad95d6","title":"Feasibility study of modularized pin ridge filter implementation in proton FLASH planning for liver stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy","abstract":"Abstract Objective. We previously developed a FLASH planning framework for streamlined pin-ridge-filter (pin-RF) design, demonstrating its feasibility for single-energy proton FLASH planning. In this study, we refined the pin-RF design for easy assembly using reusable modules, focusing on its application in liver stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR). Approach. This framework generates an intermediate intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) plan and translates it into step widths and thicknesses of pin-RFs for a single-energy FLASH plan. Parameters like energy spacing, monitor unit limit, and spot quantity were adjusted during IMPT planning, resulting in pin-RFs assembled using predefined modules with widths from 1 to 6 mm, each with a water-equivalent-thickness of 5 mm. This approach was validated on three liver SABR cases. FLASH doses, quantified using the FLASH effectiveness model at 1–5 Gy thresholds, were compared to conventional IMPT (IMPT-CONV) doses to assess clinical benefits. Main results. The highest demand for 6 mm width modules, moderate for 2–4 mm, and minimal for 1- and 5-mm modules were shown across all cases. At lower dose thresholds, the two-beam case reduced indicators including liver V 21Gy and skin D max by &gt;19.4%, while the three-beam cases showed reductions <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" overflow=\"scroll\"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>⩽</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> 11.4%, indicating the need for higher fractional beam doses for an enhanced FLASH effect. Positive clinical benefits were seen only in the two-beam case at the 5 Gy threshold. At the 1 Gy threshold, the two-beam FLASH plan outperformed the IMPT-CONV plan, reducing dose indicators for all relevant normal tissues by up to 31.2%. In contrast, the three-beam cases showed negative clinical benefits, with skin D max and liver V 21Gy increasing by up to 17.4% due to lower fractional beam doses and closer beam arrangements. Significance. This study evaluated the feasibility of modularizing streamlined pin-RFs in single-energy proton FLASH planning for liver SABR, offering guidance on optimal module composition and strategies to enhance FLASH planning.","journal":"Physics in Medicine and Biology","year":2024,"id":451981,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":3,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9489,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1273859,"name":"Xiaofeng Yang","orcid":"0000-0003-4825-5515","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":774645,"name":"Jufri Setianegara","orcid":"0000-0002-0919-1961","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1257471,"name":"Yinan Wang","orcid":"0009-0009-2134-712X","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":849941,"name":"Yuan Gao","orcid":"0000-0002-6988-4217","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":323946,"name":"David S. Yu","orcid":"0000-0002-2781-5379","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":245788,"name":"Pretesh Patel","orcid":"0000-0002-3522-1204","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":465985,"name":"Jun Zhou","orcid":"0000-0002-6078-9424","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1048670,"name":"Chaoqiong Ma","orcid":"0000-0002-2276-0778","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":38,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:02:50.407779Z","pmid":"39571283","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}