{"doi":"10.1088/1361-6560/acea16","title":"Ionization detail parameters and cluster dose: a mathematical model for selection of nanodosimetric quantities for use in treatment planning in charged particle radiotherapy","abstract":"Abstract Objective . To propose a mathematical model for applying ionization detail (ID), the detailed spatial distribution of ionization along a particle track, to proton and ion beam radiotherapy treatment planning (RTP). Approach . Our model provides for selection of preferred ID parameters ( I p ) for RTP, that associate closest to biological effects. Cluster dose is proposed to bridge the large gap between nanoscopic I p and macroscopic RTP. Selection of I p is demonstrated using published cell survival measurements for protons through argon, comparing results for nineteen I p : N k , k = 2, 3, …, 10, the number of ionizations in clusters of k or more per particle, and F k , k = 1, 2, …, 10, the number of clusters of k or more per particle. We then describe application of the model to ID-based RTP and propose a path to clinical translation. Main results . The preferred I p were N 4 and F 5 for aerobic cells, N 5 and F 7 for hypoxic cells. Significant differences were found in cell survival for beams having the same LET or the preferred N k . Conversely, there was no significant difference for F 5 for aerobic cells and F 7 for hypoxic cells, regardless of ion beam atomic number or energy. Further, cells irradiated with the same cluster dose for these I p had the same cell survival. Based on these preliminary results and other compelling results in nanodosimetry, it is reasonable to assert that I p exist that are more closely associated with biological effects than current LET-based approaches and microdosimetric RBE-based models used in particle RTP. However, more biological variables such as cell line and cycle phase, as well as ion beam pulse structure and rate still need investigation. Significance . Our model provides a practical means to select preferred I p from radiobiological data, and to convert I p to the macroscopic cluster dose for particle RTP.","journal":"Physics in Medicine and Biology","year":2023,"id":334720,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":21,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.958,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":868505,"name":"Eleanor A. Blakely","orcid":"0000-0003-4779-7021","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":519409,"name":"Lucas Burigo","orcid":"0000-0002-8053-9414","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1063558,"name":"Yair Censor","orcid":"0000-0003-2247-818X","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1064152,"name":"Ivana Đokić","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1048813,"name":"J Naoki D-Kondo","orcid":"0000-0002-4410-1925","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1063559,"name":"Ramón Ortiz","orcid":"0000-0002-4628-8121","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":233034,"name":"José Ramos‐Méndez","orcid":"0000-0002-8106-5142","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":847936,"name":"Antoni Ruciński","orcid":"0000-0002-5815-4606","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":744508,"name":"Keith E. Schubert","orcid":"0000-0003-2718-5087","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1063560,"name":"Niklas Wahl","orcid":"0000-0002-1451-223X","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":744509,"name":"R. Schulte","orcid":"0000-0002-7892-2756","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":233033,"name":"Bruce Faddegon","orcid":"0000-0002-4573-1582","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":56,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:09:53.742667Z","pmid":"37489619","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}