{"doi":"10.1086/qrb.1984.59.issue-3","title":"Unknown","abstract":null,"journal":"The Quarterly Review of Biology","year":1984,"id":681681,"datarank":0.10397207708399181,"base_score":0.6931471805599453,"endowment":0.6931471805599453,"self_citation_contribution":0.10397207708399181,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.10397207708399181,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":1,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":null,"abstract":"The existence of a method of cellular self/non-self recognition seems to be critical for the efficient functioning of all metozoans. In the vertebrates, self/non-self discrimination by the immune system is to a large extent achieved by means of antibody molecules that are specific for foreign determinants. This article considers how, in the absence of antibody, invertebrate animals might recognize and eliminate foreign material. The evidence which indicates that phagocytic cells are involved in the removal of foreign material from the tissues of both coelomate and acoelomate invertebrates is discussed. The removal of particles appears to be selective, the selection occuring at the cell surface. The evidence indicates that some invertebrates may possess a capacity for specific recognition of self, and hence it is argued that the simplest mechanism of ensuring self-tolerance is one where self is specifically recognized. Nevertheless, a few studies have indicated that some invertebrates may utilize receptors on the surfaces of phagocytic cells, or serum opsonins, or both systems to select foreign particles that are to be phagocytosed. In a couple of instances, the opsonic activity seems to be attributable to agglutinin molecules present in the hemolymph of these invertebrates. In order to ensure self-tolerance in situations where opsonins or phagocyte receptors bind self cells in addition to foreign particles-i.e., where these molecules bind to a common determinant on cell surfaces-a two-signal controlling mechanism is envisaged. The adhesion of particles to a phagocyte by means of opsonins or phagocyte receptors, in such a case, could stimulate ingestion (signal 1) unless the phagocyte simultaneously received a \"don't kill\" signal (signal 2) resulting from the occupancy of its self-recognition receptors. Support for aspects of this model is found in the literature, although studies capable of withstanding critical analysis are limited.","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":0.6931471805599453,"endowment":0.6931471805599453,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"26207759","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W4240638251","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[],"oa_status":"closed","license":null,"oa_locations":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/qrb.1984.59.issue-3","host_type":"journal"}],"fields_of_study":["Invertebrate Immune Response Mechanisms","Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research"],"mesh_terms":[],"keywords":["Opsonin","Phagocyte","Receptor","Cell biology","Biology","Hemolymph","Immune system","Antibody","Phagocytosis","Phagocytic Cell","Microbiology","Immunology","Ecology","Biochemistry"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"},{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Reduced inequalities"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-17T18:25:17.024797Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}