{"doi":"10.1084/jem.20210745","title":"Alveolar macrophages rely on GM-CSF from alveolar epithelial type 2 cells before and after birth","abstract":"Programs defining tissue-resident macrophage identity depend on local environmental cues. For alveolar macrophages (AMs), these signals are provided by immune and nonimmune cells and include GM-CSF (CSF2). However, evidence to functionally link components of this intercellular cross talk remains scarce. We thus developed new transgenic mice to profile pulmonary GM-CSF expression, which we detected in both immune cells, including group 2 innate lymphoid cells and γδ T cells, as well as AT2s. AMs were unaffected by constitutive deletion of hematopoietic Csf2 and basophil depletion. Instead, AT2 lineage-specific constitutive and inducible Csf2 deletion revealed the nonredundant function of AT2-derived GM-CSF in instructing AM fate, establishing the postnatal AM compartment, and maintaining AMs in adult lungs. This AT2-AM relationship begins during embryogenesis, where nascent AT2s timely induce GM-CSF expression to support the proliferation and differentiation of fetal monocytes contemporaneously seeding the tissue, and persists into adulthood, when epithelial GM-CSF remains restricted to AT2s.","journal":"The Journal of Experimental Medicine","year":2021,"id":147223,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":169,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9598,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":626055,"name":"Samantha Sherman","orcid":"0000-0002-0462-2005","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":627060,"name":"Frederike Ridder","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":626056,"name":"Xiaogang Feng","orcid":"0000-0002-0343-1848","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":273671,"name":"Hong-Erh Liang","orcid":"0000-0003-0620-7224","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":80235,"name":"Richard M. Locksley","orcid":"0000-0002-5468-6867","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":65555,"name":"Burkhard Becher","orcid":"0000-0002-1541-7867","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":273669,"name":"Christoph Schneider","orcid":"0000-0002-0452-2960","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":626054,"name":"Julia Gschwend","orcid":"0000-0001-7212-4393","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":82,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:42:30.206628Z","pmid":"34431978","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}