{"doi":"10.1084/jem.20210314","title":"Single-cell imaging of T cell immunotherapy responses in vivo","abstract":"T cell immunotherapies have revolutionized treatment for a subset of cancers. Yet, a major hurdle has been the lack of facile and predicative preclinical animal models that permit dynamic visualization of T cell immune responses at single-cell resolution in vivo. Here, optically clear immunocompromised zebrafish were engrafted with fluorescent-labeled human cancers along with chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR T) cells, bispecific T cell engagers (BiTEs), and antibody peptide epitope conjugates (APECs), allowing real-time single-cell visualization of T cell-based immunotherapies in vivo. This work uncovered important differences in the kinetics of T cell infiltration, tumor cell engagement, and killing between these immunotherapies and established early endpoint analysis to predict therapy responses. We also established EGFR-targeted immunotherapies as a powerful approach to kill rhabdomyosarcoma muscle cancers, providing strong preclinical rationale for assessing a wider array of T cell immunotherapies in this disease.","journal":"The Journal of Experimental Medicine","year":2021,"id":171085,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":27,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.941,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":506505,"name":"Qiqi Yang","orcid":"0000-0003-1109-5044","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":704872,"name":"Songfa Zhang","orcid":"0000-0002-6450-406X","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":704873,"name":"David G. Millar","orcid":"0000-0002-0104-9303","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":704874,"name":"Eric Alpert","orcid":"0000-0002-4513-0066","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":497358,"name":"Daniel Do","orcid":"0000-0003-2985-6497","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":497354,"name":"Alexandra Veloso","orcid":"0000-0001-5807-7578","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":497357,"name":"Dalton C. Brunson","orcid":"0000-0001-5620-4588","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":302446,"name":"Benjamin J. Drapkin","orcid":"0000-0002-4824-7243","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":686328,"name":"Marcello Stanzione","orcid":"0000-0001-5842-8649","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":12716,"name":"Irene Scarfò","orcid":"0000-0002-5545-3248","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":704875,"name":"John C. Moore","orcid":"0000-0003-0242-3894","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":497360,"name":"Sowmya Iyer","orcid":"0000-0002-8058-7942","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":23351,"name":"Qian Qin","orcid":"0000-0002-2119-6263","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":704876,"name":"Yun Wei","orcid":"0000-0003-2080-499X","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":497361,"name":"Karin M. McCarthy","orcid":"0000-0003-1396-9905","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":234841,"name":"John F. Rawls","orcid":"0000-0002-5976-5206","position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":705672,"name":"Nick Dyson","orcid":null,"position":17,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":258714,"name":"Mark Cobbold","orcid":"0000-0001-8931-4142","position":18,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":3658,"name":"Marcela V. Maus","orcid":"0000-0002-7578-0393","position":19,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":237557,"name":"David M. Langenau","orcid":"0000-0001-6664-8318","position":20,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":237556,"name":"Chuan Yan","orcid":"0000-0002-0449-7072","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":64,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:46:28.747384Z","pmid":"34415995","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}