{"doi":"10.1084/jem.20202489","title":"Germinal center–dependent and –independent memory B cells produced throughout the immune response","abstract":"Memory B cells comprise a heterogenous group of cells that differ in origin and phenotype. During the early phases of the immune response, activated B cells can differentiate into IgM-expressing memory cells, short-lived plasma cells, or seed germinal centers (GCs). The memory compartment is subsequently enriched by B cells that have been through several rounds of division and selection in the GC. Here, we report on the use of an unbiased lineage-tracking approach to explore the origins and properties of memory B cell subsets in mice with an intact immune system. We find that activated B cells continue to differentiate into memory B cells throughout the immune response. When defined on the basis of their origins, the memory B cells originating from activated B cells or GCs differ in isotype and overall gene expression, somatic hypermutation, and their affinity for antigen.","journal":"The Journal of Experimental Medicine","year":2021,"id":149468,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":106,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9463,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":636015,"name":"Tobias Wirthmiller","orcid":"0000-0003-1329-002X","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":235902,"name":"Mohamed ElTanbouly","orcid":"0000-0001-7985-3839","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":104720,"name":"Spencer T. Chen","orcid":"0000-0003-3132-5046","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":636016,"name":"Ervin E. Kara","orcid":"0000-0002-5493-1623","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":104717,"name":"Melissa Cipolla","orcid":"0000-0001-8156-2512","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":104721,"name":"Víctor Ramos","orcid":"0000-0001-7353-3420","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":104712,"name":"Thiago Y. Oliveira","orcid":"0000-0002-2654-0879","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":357035,"name":"Leonidas Stamatatos","orcid":"0000-0002-1106-7097","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":104187,"name":"Michel C. Nussenzweig","orcid":"0000-0003-0592-8564","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":104713,"name":"Charlotte Viant","orcid":"0000-0002-8852-2318","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":55,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:42:56.251607Z","pmid":"34106207","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}