{"doi":"10.1084/jem.20202411","title":"Chronic T cell proliferation in brains after stroke could interfere with the efficacy of immunotherapies","abstract":"Neuroinflammation is an emerging focus of translational stroke research. Preclinical studies have demonstrated a critical role for brain-invading lymphocytes in post-stroke pathophysiology. Reducing cerebral lymphocyte invasion by anti-CD49d antibodies consistently improves outcome in the acute phase after experimental stroke models. However, clinical trials testing this approach failed to show efficacy in stroke patients for the chronic outcome 3 mo after stroke. Here, we identify a potential mechanistic reason for this phenomenon by detecting chronic T cell accumulation-evading the systemic therapy-in the post-ischemic brain. We observed a persistent accumulation of T cells in mice and human autopsy samples for more than 1 mo after stroke. Cerebral T cell accumulation in the post-ischemic brain was driven by increased local T cell proliferation rather than by T cell invasion. This observation urges re-evaluation of current immunotherapeutic approaches, which target circulating lymphocytes for promoting recovery after stroke.","journal":"The Journal of Experimental Medicine","year":2021,"id":156946,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":52,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9492,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":85693,"name":"Alessio Ricci","orcid":"0000-0002-3051-8113","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":84301,"name":"Olga Carofiglio","orcid":"0000-0001-8358-7414","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":662943,"name":"Qihui Zhou","orcid":"0000-0001-5733-9820","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":662944,"name":"Thomas Arzberger","orcid":"0000-0002-6222-171X","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":662945,"name":"Nikolett Lénárt","orcid":"0000-0002-7456-949X","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":84338,"name":"Nicolai Franzmeier","orcid":"0000-0001-9736-2283","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":607791,"name":"Tibor Hortobágyi","orcid":"0000-0001-5732-7942","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":245009,"name":"Peter T. Nelson","orcid":"0000-0002-6161-1265","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":258797,"name":"Ann Stowe","orcid":"0000-0001-8111-4429","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":662946,"name":"Ádám Dénes","orcid":"0000-0001-6919-4905","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":268288,"name":"Dieter Edbauer","orcid":"0000-0002-7186-4653","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":51299,"name":"Arthur Liesz","orcid":"0000-0002-9069-2594","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":51292,"name":"Steffanie Heindl","orcid":"0000-0003-3576-2702","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":39,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:44:17.471040Z","pmid":"34037669","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}