{"doi":"10.1080/23748834.2020.1715117","title":"A comparative case study of walking environment in Madrid and Philadelphia using multiple sampling methods and street virtual audits","abstract":"The objective of this study is to quantify, using virtual audits in Madrid and Philadelphia, cross-city differences in the walking environment and to test whether differences vary by sampling method. We used two sampling methods; first, a contiguous area combining census units (~15.000 population area for each setting) was selected using the Median Neighborhood Index. Median Neighborhood Index is a summary index that averages Euclidean distances of sociodemographic and urban form features, used to select the median neighborhood for a given city. Second, we selected a population-density stratified sampling of the same number of census units as above. M-SPACES audit tool was deployed, using street virtual audits to measure function, safety, aesthetics, and destinations along each street segment. Madrid streets had lower scores for function (b = −0.29 CI95% −0.55; −0.31) and safety (b = −0.38 CI95% −0.61; -0.14). Madrid had a greater proportion of streets having at least one walking destination in the street segment (PR = 1.92 95% CI 1.55; 2.39). We did not find a significant difference between Madrid and Philadelphia in aesthetics. We found an interaction between safety and sampling methods. This approach can reveal which elements of the built environment account for between-city differences, key to mass influences that operate at the city level.","journal":"Cities & Health","year":2020,"id":107082,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":6,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.625,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2020-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":295206,"name":"Usama Bilal","orcid":"0000-0002-9868-7773","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":515272,"name":"Patricia Sánchez","orcid":"0000-0002-3071-8377","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":376420,"name":"Julia Díez","orcid":"0000-0002-5586-1794","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":430753,"name":"Gina S. Lovasi","orcid":"0000-0003-2613-9599","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":297863,"name":"Manuel Franco","orcid":"0000-0003-1366-9398","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":430751,"name":"Pedro Gullón","orcid":"0000-0002-7641-1514","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":39,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:12:31.053776Z","pmid":"33718600","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}