{"doi":"10.1080/00952990.2024.2394487","title":"A novel rural hospital/clinic-system practice-based research network: the Rural Addiction Implementation Network (RAIN) initiative and its goals, implementation, and early results","abstract":"Background: Rural and frontier communities face high rates of opioid use disorders (OUDs). In 2021, the Rural Addiction Implementation Network (RAIN) sought to establish a rural hospital/clinic-system practice-based research network (RH-PBRN) to facilitate implementation of evidence-based addiction-related prevention, treatment, and recovery (PTR) services to reduce the morbidity of OUD and substance use disorder (SUD) in rural communities.Objective: To describe the goals and implementation of PTR activities of RAIN, a novel RH-PBRN.Methods: RAIN identified teams of external/internal facilitators at four rural hospitals/clinic-networks to achieve at least 15 PTR activities involving OUD and other SUDs. RAIN utilized an implementation-facilitation approach: facilitators assessed the implementation environment and promoted interventions to overcome barriers to PTR implementation. Other interventions included site visits, community of learning calls, and e-communication. RAIN assessed and recorded facilitators and barriers to implementation, milestone attainment, and outcomes of PTR activities. At 18 months, we queried facilitators about the fidelity and implementation of RAIN activities.Results: RAIN established an HP-PBRN in four sites (Idaho, Montana, Utah, and Wyoming). Within the HP-PBRN, 20 PTR activities were established (p = 7, T = 10, R = 3; range 3–7 per site). Barriers to implementation of PTR activities included competing clinical demands, especially due to COVID-19, lack of dedicated effort for staff at sites, and stigma of addiction and its treatment. Facilitators of implementation included the use of trained expert facilitators and communication between the sites.Conclusions: RAIN implemented 20 addiction-related PTR activities in four rural hospitals/clinic-networks. RAIN’s intervention model could be replicated to address addiction-related harms in other rural communities.","journal":"The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse","year":2024,"id":504302,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9316,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1354855,"name":"H. E. R. Wallace","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1354856,"name":"Kayla Fritz","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1217830,"name":"C. Fordham","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1354857,"name":"Tyler Haskell","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":440162,"name":"A. Taylor Kelley","orcid":"0000-0003-0462-4737","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":376412,"name":"Audrey L. Jones","orcid":"0000-0003-1533-7469","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":709732,"name":"Gerald Cochran","orcid":"0000-0002-0153-0252","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":367509,"name":"Adam J. Gordon","orcid":"0000-0002-2453-8871","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1354854,"name":"Kody L. Hafen","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":40,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:10:35.597333Z","pmid":"39365273","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}