{"doi":"10.1080/00952990.2023.2220875","title":"Opium, phencyclidine, and crack cocaine smoking associations with lung and upper aerodigestive tract cancers: exploratory findings from a case-control study in Los Angeles County","abstract":"Background: Illicit drug use has become a global epidemic, yet it is unclear if drug smoking increases the risk of tobacco-related cancers.Objectives: We aimed to evaluate hypothesized associations between smoking three drugs – opium, phencyclidine (PCP) and crack cocaine and lung and upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) cancers.Methods: A population-based case-control study with 611 lung cancer cases (50% male), 601 UADT cancers cases (76% male), and 1,040 controls (60% male) was conducted in Los Angeles County (1999–2004). Epidemiologic data including drug smoking histories were collected in face-to-face interviews. Associations were estimated with logistic regressions.Results: Adjusting for potential confounders, ever vs. never crack smoking was positively associated with UADT cancers (aOR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.05, 2.33), and a dose-response relationship was observed for lifetime smoking frequency (p for trend = .024). Heavy (> median) vs. never crack smoking was associated with UADT cancers (aOR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.07, 3.08) and lung cancer (aOR = 1.58, 95% CI: 0.88, 2.83). A positive association was also observed between heavy PCP smoking and UADT cancers (aOR = 2.29, 95% CI: 0.91, 5.79). Little or no associations were found between opium smoking and lung cancer or UADT cancers.Conclusion: The positive associations between illicit drug use and lung and/or UADT cancers suggest that smoking these drugs may increase the risk of tobacco-related cancers. Despite the low frequency of drug smoking and possible residual confounding, our findings may provide additional insights on the development of lung and UADT cancers.","journal":"The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse","year":2023,"id":377216,"datarank":0.20794415416798362,"base_score":1.3862943611198906,"endowment":1.3862943611198906,"self_citation_contribution":0.20794415416798362,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.20794415416798362,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":3,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9445,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":269021,"name":"Mia Hashibe","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":414470,"name":"Jianyu Rao","orcid":"0000-0002-8188-1780","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":410099,"name":"Su Yon Jung","orcid":"0000-0002-0513-1830","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":216170,"name":"Donald P Tashkin","orcid":"0000-0002-5607-4872","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":268982,"name":"Hal Morgenstern","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":265958,"name":"Zuo‐Feng Zhang","orcid":"0000-0002-4669-3995","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":530499,"name":"Mingyan Zhang","orcid":"0000-0002-7602-504X","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":36,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:16:36.370283Z","pmid":"37433108","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}