{"doi":"10.1073/pnas.96.12.6802","title":"Activity regulation of Hox proteins, a mechanism for altering functional specificity in development and evolution","abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The closely related Hox transcription factors Ultrabithorax (Ubx) and Antennapedia (Antp) respectively direct first abdominal (A1) and second thoracic (T2) segment identities in\n                    <jats:italic>Drosophila</jats:italic>\n                    . It has been proposed that their functional differences derive from their differential occupancy of DNA target sites. Here we show that a hybrid version of Ubx (Ubx-VP16), which possesses an enhanced transcriptional activation function, no longer directs A1 denticle pattern in embryonic epidermal cells. Instead, it mimics Antp in directing T2 denticle pattern, and it can rescue the cuticular loss-of-function phenotype of\n                    <jats:italic>Antp</jats:italic>\n                    mutants. In cells that do not produce denticles, Ubx-VP16 appears to have largely retained its normal repressive regulatory functions. These results suggest that the modulation of Hox activation and repression functions can account for segment-specific morphological differences that are controlled by different members of the Hox family. Our results also are consistent with the idea that activity regulation underlies the phenotypic suppression phenomenon in which a more posterior Hox protein suppresses the function of a more anterior member of the Hox cluster. The acquisition of novel activation and repression potentials in Hox proteins may be an important mechanism underlying the generation of subtle morphological differences during evolution.\n                  </jats:p>","journal":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","year":1999,"id":40445,"datarank":3.036543146756667,"base_score":4.04305126783455,"endowment":4.04305126783455,"self_citation_contribution":0.6064576901751826,"citation_network_contribution":2.4300854565814842,"self_endowment_contribution":0.6064576901751826,"citer_contribution":2.4300854565814842,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":56,"citer_count":53,"citers_with_citation_signal":46,"citers_with_endowment":46,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":135651,"name":"William McGinnis","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":196487,"name":"Xuelin Li","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"base_score":4.04305126783455,"endowment":4.04305126783455,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"10359793","pmcid":"PMC21996","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2018975920","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"PHS HHS","grant_id":"28315","title":null}],"total_grants":1,"fwci":3.1873,"citation_percentile":0.92200429,"influential_citations":2,"citation_trend":[{"year":2012,"count":3},{"year":2013,"count":1},{"year":2015,"count":2},{"year":2016,"count":1},{"year":2022,"count":1},{"year":2025,"count":1}],"oa_status":"green","license":null,"oa_locations":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.12.6802","host_type":"GREEN"},{"url":"https://pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.96.12.6802","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10359793","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC21996","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/21996","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation","Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research","Wnt/β-catenin signaling in development and cancer","Biology","Medicine","Animals","Animals, Genetically Modified","Antennapedia Homeodomain Protein","Biological Evolution","DNA-Binding Proteins","Drosophila","Drosophila Proteins","Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental","Homeodomain Proteins","Insect Proteins","Nuclear Proteins","Transcription Factors"],"mesh_terms":["Animals","DNA-Binding Proteins","Drosophila","Biological Evolution","Nuclear Proteins","Transcription Factors","Homeodomain Proteins","Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental","Insect Proteins","Drosophila Proteins","Animals, Genetically Modified","Antennapedia Homeodomain Protein"],"keywords":["Hox gene","Ultrabithorax","Antennapedia","Biology","Homeotic gene","Psychological repression","Phenotype","Transcription factor","Genetics","Mutant","Gene","Mechanism (biology)","Cell biology","Gene expression"],"sdg_mappings":[],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-06-12T06:12:34.496735Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}