{"doi":"10.1073/pnas.96.11.6072","title":"A role for the light-dependent phosphorylation of visual arrestin","abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Arrestins are regulatory proteins that participate in the termination of G protein-mediated signal transduction. The major arrestin in the\n                    <jats:italic>Drosophila</jats:italic>\n                    visual system, Arrestin 2 (Arr2), is phosphorylated in a light-dependent manner by a Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+</jats:sup>\n                    /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase and has been shown to be essential for the termination of the visual signaling cascade\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo</jats:italic>\n                    . Here, we report the isolation of nine alleles of the\n                    <jats:italic>Drosophila</jats:italic>\n                    photoreceptor cell-specific\n                    <jats:italic>arr2</jats:italic>\n                    gene. Flies carrying each of these alleles underwent light-dependent retinal degeneration and displayed electrophysiological defects typical of previously identified arrestin mutants, including an allele encoding a protein that lacks the major Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+</jats:sup>\n                    /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase site. The phosphorylation mutant had very low levels of phosphorylation and lacked the light-dependent phosphorylation observed with wild-type Arr2. Interestingly, we found that the Arr2 phosphorylation mutant was still capable of binding to rhodopsin; however, it was unable to release from membranes once rhodopsin had converted back to its inactive form. This finding suggests that phosphorylation of arrestin is necessary for the release of arrestin from rhodopsin. We propose that the sequestering of arrestin to membranes is a possible mechanism for retinal disease associated with previously identified rhodopsin alleles in humans.\n                  </jats:p>","journal":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","year":1999,"id":682342,"datarank":0.7206031567099886,"base_score":4.804021044733257,"endowment":4.804021044733257,"self_citation_contribution":0.7206031567099886,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.7206031567099886,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":121,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":830152,"name":"Patrick J. Dolph","orcid":"0000-0001-9770-727X","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1782629,"name":"Paul G. Alloway","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"A role for the light-dependent phosphorylation of visual arrestin","abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Arrestins are regulatory proteins that participate in the termination of G protein-mediated signal transduction. The major arrestin in the\n                    <jats:italic>Drosophila</jats:italic>\n                    visual system, Arrestin 2 (Arr2), is phosphorylated in a light-dependent manner by a Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+</jats:sup>\n                    /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase and has been shown to be essential for the termination of the visual signaling cascade\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo</jats:italic>\n                    . Here, we report the isolation of nine alleles of the\n                    <jats:italic>Drosophila</jats:italic>\n                    photoreceptor cell-specific\n                    <jats:italic>arr2</jats:italic>\n                    gene. Flies carrying each of these alleles underwent light-dependent retinal degeneration and displayed electrophysiological defects typical of previously identified arrestin mutants, including an allele encoding a protein that lacks the major Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+</jats:sup>\n                    /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase site. The phosphorylation mutant had very low levels of phosphorylation and lacked the light-dependent phosphorylation observed with wild-type Arr2. Interestingly, we found that the Arr2 phosphorylation mutant was still capable of binding to rhodopsin; however, it was unable to release from membranes once rhodopsin had converted back to its inactive form. This finding suggests that phosphorylation of arrestin is necessary for the release of arrestin from rhodopsin. We propose that the sequestering of arrestin to membranes is a possible mechanism for retinal disease associated with previously identified rhodopsin alleles in humans.\n                  </jats:p>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":4.804021044733257,"endowment":4.804021044733257,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"10339543","pmcid":"PMC26837","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2074886295","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"NEI NIH HHS","grant_id":"R01 EY11534-02","title":null}],"total_grants":1,"fwci":2.5847,"citation_percentile":0.90015797,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2012,"count":8},{"year":2013,"count":3},{"year":2014,"count":1},{"year":2015,"count":3},{"year":2017,"count":2},{"year":2019,"count":16},{"year":2020,"count":3},{"year":2021,"count":3},{"year":2022,"count":2},{"year":2023,"count":3},{"year":2024,"count":3},{"year":2025,"count":5}],"oa_status":"green","license":null,"oa_locations":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/26837","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/26837","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.96.11.6072","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.11.6072","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10339543","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["Retinal Development and Disorders","Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling","Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research","Alleles","Animals","Arrestins","Drosophila","Drosophila Proteins","Electroretinography","Kinetics","Light","Mutagenesis, Site-Directed","Mutation, Missense","Phosphoproteins","Phosphorylation","Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate","Recombinant Proteins","Serine","Vision, Ocular"],"mesh_terms":["Alleles","Animals","Drosophila","Electroretinography","Kinetics","Light","Phosphoproteins","Phosphorylation","Recombinant Proteins","Serine","Vision, Ocular","Mutagenesis, Site-Directed","Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate","Arrestins","Mutation, Missense","Drosophila Proteins"],"keywords":["Arrestin","Rhodopsin","Phosphorylation","Biology","Visual phototransduction","Cell biology","Calmodulin","Protein kinase A","Signal transduction","Mutant","Kinase","Retinal","Biochemistry","Gene","G protein-coupled receptor","Enzyme"],"sdg_mappings":[],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-17T20:09:15.810778Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}