{"doi":"10.1073/pnas.86.6.2093","title":"Visualization of chandelier cell axons by parvalbumin immunoreactivity in monkey cerebral cortex.","abstract":"<jats:p>Antibodies directed against the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin label a subpopulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid-releasing neurons in the cerebral cortex that is thought to have particular metabolic and physiological properties. The chandelier cell is a well-characterized morphological type of gamma-aminobutyric acid-releasing cortical interneuron, the axon of which possesses very distinctive terminal portions located around the initial axon segments of pyramidal cells. In the pre- and postcentral gyri of the monkey, we found that these distinctive terminal portions of chandelier cell axons were immunocytochemically stained for parvalbumin in a manner that reveals their complete structure. The chandelier cell axons were identified light-microscopically as short, vertically oriented rows of parvalbumin-positive puncta (PV-Rs). The PV-Rs varied in both length and complexity and were located beneath unstained pyramidal cells. PV-Rs were very numerous in layers II-III, where most pyramidal cells appeared to have a PV-R beneath them. Fewer PV-Rs were found in deeper layers, and in layer VI PV-Rs were rare. With EM all PV-Rs could be seen to form multiple synaptic contacts of the symmetrical type on the initial segments of pyramidal cell axons. Parvalbumin immunoreactivity can therefore be used as a reliable marker for chandelier cell axons.</jats:p>","journal":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","year":1989,"id":676269,"datarank":13.566222580046263,"base_score":5.834810737062605,"endowment":5.834810737062605,"self_citation_contribution":0.8752216105593909,"citation_network_contribution":12.691000969486872,"self_endowment_contribution":0.8752216105593909,"citer_contribution":12.691000969486872,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":341,"citer_count":200,"citers_with_citation_signal":200,"citers_with_endowment":200,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1767068,"name":"S H Hendry","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1767072,"name":"E G Jones","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1767066,"name":"J DeFelipe","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Visualization of chandelier cell axons by parvalbumin immunoreactivity in monkey cerebral cortex.","abstract":"<jats:p>Antibodies directed against the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin label a subpopulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid-releasing neurons in the cerebral cortex that is thought to have particular metabolic and physiological properties. The chandelier cell is a well-characterized morphological type of gamma-aminobutyric acid-releasing cortical interneuron, the axon of which possesses very distinctive terminal portions located around the initial axon segments of pyramidal cells. In the pre- and postcentral gyri of the monkey, we found that these distinctive terminal portions of chandelier cell axons were immunocytochemically stained for parvalbumin in a manner that reveals their complete structure. The chandelier cell axons were identified light-microscopically as short, vertically oriented rows of parvalbumin-positive puncta (PV-Rs). The PV-Rs varied in both length and complexity and were located beneath unstained pyramidal cells. PV-Rs were very numerous in layers II-III, where most pyramidal cells appeared to have a PV-R beneath them. Fewer PV-Rs were found in deeper layers, and in layer VI PV-Rs were rare. With EM all PV-Rs could be seen to form multiple synaptic contacts of the symmetrical type on the initial segments of pyramidal cell axons. Parvalbumin immunoreactivity can therefore be used as a reliable marker for chandelier cell axons.</jats:p>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":5.834810737062605,"endowment":5.834810737062605,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"2648389","pmcid":"PMC286854","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2034204817","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":6.7305,"citation_percentile":0.98377594,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2012,"count":2},{"year":2013,"count":9},{"year":2014,"count":8},{"year":2015,"count":7},{"year":2016,"count":5},{"year":2017,"count":2},{"year":2018,"count":5},{"year":2019,"count":5},{"year":2020,"count":7},{"year":2021,"count":4},{"year":2022,"count":4},{"year":2023,"count":5},{"year":2024,"count":2},{"year":2025,"count":5}],"oa_status":"green","license":null,"oa_locations":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/286854","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/286854","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.86.6.2093","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.6.2093","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2648389","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC286854","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research","Neural dynamics and brain function","Photoreceptor and optogenetics research"],"mesh_terms":["Animals","Axons","Cerebral Cortex","gamma-Aminobutyric Acid","Histocytochemistry","Immunoenzyme Techniques","Interneurons","Macaca fascicularis","Microscopy, Electron","Muscle Proteins","Parvalbumins","Synapses"],"keywords":["Parvalbumin","Pyramidal cell","Axon","Biology","Interneuron","Cerebral cortex","Cortex (anatomy)","Anatomy","Neuroscience","Hippocampus"],"sdg_mappings":[],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-17T02:18:05.109990Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}