{"doi":"10.1073/pnas.85.24.9753","title":"Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 long terminal repeat: analysis of regulatory elements.","abstract":"<jats:p>The long terminal repeats (LTRs) of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) and a related simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac) contain cis-acting positive regulatory elements upstream and the major transactivator gene (tat) response element and a possible negative regulatory element downstream of the transcriptional initiation site. The tat response element of HIV-2 and of SIVmac was more complex than that of HIV-1. Two structurally similar subelements within the HIV-2 tat response element could be identified. Both of these subelements were required for optimal transactivation by the HIV-2 tat gene product. Either of these subelements, however, was sufficient for transactivation by the HIV-1 tat gene product. These observations provide an explanation for the poor transactivation of HIV-1 LTR-directed gene expression by the HIV-2 tat gene product since the HIV-1 LTR contains an analog of only one of the HIV-2 subelements. The HIV-2 tat gene product also affected the function of the upstream elements, including enhancer activity. The response of these cis elements of HIV-2 to transactivation by HIV-2/SIVmac and HIV-1 tat gene differed somewhat in virus-infected and tat gene transfected cells, probably related to the differences in the effective concentration of the tat gene products and/or other viral or cellular factors. The steady-state levels of HIV-2 LTR-linked gene transcripts were much higher in the presence of HIV-2, SIVmac, and HIV-1 tat genes than in their absence, suggesting transcriptional modulation as a mechanism for tat gene function.</jats:p>","journal":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","year":1988,"id":14623,"datarank":3.2604074940953756,"base_score":4.110873864173311,"endowment":4.110873864173311,"self_citation_contribution":0.6166310796259968,"citation_network_contribution":2.6437764144693787,"self_endowment_contribution":0.6166310796259968,"citer_contribution":2.6437764144693787,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":60,"citer_count":47,"citers_with_citation_signal":42,"citers_with_endowment":42,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":114703,"name":"R C Gallo","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":114702,"name":"S K Arya","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"base_score":4.110873864173311,"endowment":4.110873864173311,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"2849115","pmcid":"PMC282859","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2039570021","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":1.1022,"citation_percentile":0.78406467,"influential_citations":4,"citation_trend":[{"year":2014,"count":2},{"year":2017,"count":1},{"year":2023,"count":1},{"year":2024,"count":2},{"year":2025,"count":1}],"oa_status":"green","license":null,"oa_locations":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/282859","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc282859?pdf=render","host_type":"GREEN"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/282859","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.85.24.9753","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.85.24.9753","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2849115","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC282859","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["HIV Research and Treatment","T-cell and Retrovirus Studies","Animal Disease Management and Epidemiology","Biology","Medicine","Base Sequence","Cell Line","Cloning, Molecular","Gene Products, tat","Genes, Regulator","HIV-2","Humans","Molecular Sequence Data","Nucleic Acid Conformation","RNA, Viral","Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid","Simian Immunodeficiency Virus","Transcription Factors","Transcription, Genetic","tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus"],"mesh_terms":["Base Sequence","Cell Line","Cloning, Molecular","Genes, Regulator","Humans","Molecular Sequence Data","Nucleic Acid Conformation","Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid","RNA, Viral","Transcription Factors","Transcription, Genetic","Simian Immunodeficiency Virus","HIV-2","Gene Products, tat","tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus","Simian immunodeficiency virus"],"keywords":["Transactivation","Long terminal repeat","HIV Long Terminal Repeat","Gene product","Biology","Enhancer","Gene","Gene expression","Transfection","Virology","Regulation of gene expression","Virus","Regulatory sequence","Molecular biology","Genetics"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Good health and well-being"},{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"No poverty"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-06-01T13:07:11.784477Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}