{"doi":"10.1073/pnas.2208450120","title":"Disparities in ambient nitrogen dioxide pollution in the United States","abstract":"Average ambient concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), an important air pollutant, have declined in the United States since the enactment of the Clean Air Act. Despite evidence that NO 2 disproportionately affects racial/ethnic minority groups, it remains unclear what drives the exposure disparities and how they have changed over time. Here, we provide evidence by integrating high-resolution (1 km × 1 km) ground-level NO 2 estimates, sociodemographic information, and source-specific emission intensity and location for 217,740 block groups across the contiguous United States from 2000 to 2016. We show that racial/ethnic minorities are disproportionately exposed to higher levels of NO 2 pollution compared with Whites across the United States and within major metropolitan areas. These inequities persisted over time and have worsened in many cases, despite a significant decrease in the national average NO 2 concentration over the 17-y study period. Overall, traffic contributes the largest fraction of NO 2 disparity. Contributions of other emission sources to exposure disparities vary by location. Our analyses offer insights into policies aimed at reducing air pollution exposure disparities among races/ethnicities and locations.","journal":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","year":2023,"id":322147,"datarank":1.385022793238036,"base_score":3.7376696182833684,"endowment":3.7376696182833684,"self_citation_contribution":0.5606504427425053,"citation_network_contribution":0.8243723504955307,"self_endowment_contribution":0.5606504427425053,"citer_contribution":0.8243723504955307,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":41,"citer_count":38,"citers_with_citation_signal":26,"citers_with_endowment":26,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9438,"is_data_producer":true,"deposit_databanks":{"figshare":["10.6084/m9.figshare.22304899.v1"]},"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":621755,"name":"Pengfei Liu","orcid":"0000-0001-7280-9720","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":71914,"name":"Joel Schwartz","orcid":"0000-0001-6168-378X","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":861840,"name":"Edgar Castro","orcid":"0000-0003-4771-8813","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":869012,"name":"Wenhao Wang","orcid":"0000-0002-6228-7516","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":239779,"name":"Howard H. Chang","orcid":"0000-0002-6316-1640","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":239778,"name":"Noah Scovronick","orcid":"0000-0003-1410-3337","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":218012,"name":"Liuhua Shi","orcid":"0000-0001-8165-4644","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":634688,"name":"Yifan Wang","orcid":"0000-0003-1654-0653","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":49,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:07:42.497873Z","pmid":"37036985","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}