{"doi":"10.1073/pnas.2118312119","title":"Vaccine-induced systemic and mucosal T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 viral variants","abstract":"<jats:title>Significance</jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Immunity induced by the first-generation COVID-19 vaccines may not provide effective and durable protection, either due to waning immunity or due to poor antibody cross-reactivity to new variants. Typically, T cells recognize conserved nonmutable viral epitopes and development of T cell–based vaccines might provide broad immunity to SARS-CoV-2 variants. In this study, we show that adjuvanted spike protein–based experimental vaccines elicited potent respiratory or systemic CD4 and CD8 T cell memory and protected against SARS-CoV-2, in the absence of virus-neutralizing antibodies. Thus, development of T cell–based vaccines might be key to protect against antibody-escape SARS-CoV-2 variants that can potentially overcome immunity induced by current vaccines.</jats:p>","journal":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","year":2022,"id":604315,"datarank":0.7301301675683375,"base_score":4.867534450455582,"endowment":4.867534450455582,"self_citation_contribution":0.7301301675683375,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.7301301675683375,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":129,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1550451,"name":"Woojong Lee","orcid":"0000-0002-5906-7221","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1550453,"name":"Shaswath S. 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In this study, we show that adjuvanted spike protein–based experimental vaccines elicited potent respiratory or systemic CD4 and CD8 T cell memory and protected against SARS-CoV-2, in the absence of virus-neutralizing antibodies. Thus, development of T cell–based vaccines might be key to protect against antibody-escape SARS-CoV-2 variants that can potentially overcome immunity induced by current vaccines.</jats:p>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":4.867534450455582,"endowment":4.867534450455582,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"35561224","pmcid":"PMC9171754","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W4280594901","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","grant_id":"AI124299","title":null},{"funder_name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","grant_id":"AI149793","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIAID NIH HHS","grant_id":"R21 AI149793","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIAID NIH HHS","grant_id":"U01 AI124299","title":null},{"funder_name":"National Institutes of Health","grant_id":"5U01AI124299-04","title":"Novel Combination Adjuvant for Eliciting Systemic and Mucosal CD8 T Cell Memory"},{"funder_name":"National Institutes of Health","grant_id":"1R21AI149793-01A1","title":"Mucosal Adjuvant to Induce Multipronged T Cell Immunity to Tuberculosis"}],"total_grants":6,"fwci":12.2471,"citation_percentile":0.9911279,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2022,"count":31},{"year":2023,"count":50},{"year":2024,"count":26},{"year":2025,"count":16},{"year":2026,"count":6}],"oa_status":"hybrid","license":"cc-by","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2118312119","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2118312119","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.2118312119","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35561224","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9171754","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9171754","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9171754?pdf=render","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2118312119","host_type":""}],"fields_of_study":["SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research","COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies","vaccines and immunoinformatics approaches","0301 basic medicine","0303 health sciences","03 medical and health sciences","Antibodies, Neutralizing","Antibodies, Viral","CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes","CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes","COVID-19","COVID-19 Vaccines","Humans","Immune Evasion","Intraepithelial Lymphocytes","SARS-CoV-2","Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus","SARS-CoV-2 variants"],"mesh_terms":["Intraepithelial Lymphocytes","COVID-19","SARS-CoV-2","COVID-19 Vaccines","Antibodies, Viral","Humans","CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes","CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes","Immune Evasion","Antibodies, Neutralizing","Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus"],"keywords":["Immunity","Virology","Antibody","Biology","Immunology","Epitope","Virus","T cell","Immune system","Antibodies","T cells","Vaccine","Sars-cov-2","CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes","COVID-19 Vaccines","COVID-19","Biological Sciences","CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes","Antibodies, Viral","Antibodies, Neutralizing","Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus","Humans","Intraepithelial Lymphocytes","Immune Evasion"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":3,"sdg_label":"3. 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