{"doi":"10.1073/pnas.2116147118","title":"A class II MHC-targeted vaccine elicits immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants","abstract":"Significance Vaccines remain the best hope of curtailing SARS-CoV-2 transmission, morbidity, and mortality. Currently available vaccines require cold storage and sophisticated manufacturing capacity, complicating their distribution, especially in less developed countries. We report a protein-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine that directly and specifically targets antigen-presenting cells. It consists of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike receptor-binding domain (Spike RBD ) fused to a nanobody that recognizes class II major histocompatibility complex antigens (VHH MHCII ). Our vaccine elicits robust humoral (high-titer binding and neutralizing antibodies) and cellular immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants in both young and aged mice. VHH MHCII -Spike RBD is stable for at least 7 d at room temperature and can be lyophilized without loss of efficacy, desirable attributes for logistical reasons.","journal":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","year":2021,"id":165943,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":35,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9586,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":280931,"name":"Thibault J. Harmand","orcid":"0000-0002-7582-0519","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":106713,"name":"Paul W. Rothlauf","orcid":"0000-0002-0941-4467","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":691499,"name":"Patrique Praest","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":255509,"name":"Ryan Alexander","orcid":"0000-0002-9204-9586","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":691500,"name":"Renate van den Doel","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":550305,"name":"Mariel J. Liebeskind","orcid":"0000-0003-4595-0651","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":585472,"name":"Maria A. Vakaki","orcid":"0000-0001-7519-5170","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":690536,"name":"Nicholas McCaul","orcid":"0000-0002-7888-7815","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":283307,"name":"Charlotte Wijne","orcid":null,"position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":273597,"name":"Elisha R. Verhaar","orcid":"0000-0002-0787-0119","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":691501,"name":"William Pinney","orcid":null,"position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":328223,"name":"Hailey M. Heston","orcid":"0000-0002-9308-1908","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":226293,"name":"Louis-Marie Bloyet","orcid":"0000-0002-5648-3190","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":690537,"name":"Marjorie Cornejo Pontelli","orcid":"0000-0003-3173-5977","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":227338,"name":"Ma. Xenia G. Ilagan","orcid":"0000-0003-2888-4859","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":690538,"name":"Robert Jan Lebbink","orcid":"0000-0002-1981-0420","position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":240471,"name":"William Buchser","orcid":"0000-0002-6675-6359","position":17,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":591940,"name":"Emmanuel J. H. J. Wiertz","orcid":"0000-0001-6080-7058","position":18,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":103752,"name":"Sean P. J. Whelan","orcid":"0000-0003-1564-8590","position":19,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":245647,"name":"Hidde L. Ploegh","orcid":"0000-0002-1090-6071","position":20,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":89095,"name":"Novalia Pishesha","orcid":"0000-0002-8124-1265","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":28,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:45:45.220559Z","pmid":"34654739","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}