{"doi":"10.1073/pnas.2020160118","title":"Persistent polyamorphism in the chiton tooth: From a new biomineral to inks for additive manufacturing","abstract":"Significance Biomineralization is a highly successful strategy to create functionally graded materials with complex shape. Herein, we demonstrate that the rock-grazing mollusk Cryptochiton stelleri uses two amorphous, yet structurally distinct, phases in neighboring microarchitectural domains to reinforce its dentition. Nano-disperse santabarbaraite, an amorphous iron hydroxyphosphate, is present in the stylus, extending the range over which hardness and stiffness vary by at least a factor of two. Use of ferric phosphates with low iron and high water content may present a stratagem to create strong composites with low density. Indeed, we show that bio-inspired inks based on chitosan and mineral precursors allow three-dimensional printing of tunable composites strengthened by amorphous nanoparticles precipitated in situ.","journal":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","year":2021,"id":164580,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":38,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.955,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":246318,"name":"Paul J. M. Smeets","orcid":"0000-0002-7281-0120","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":686561,"name":"Robert Free","orcid":"0000-0002-5674-9737","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":686562,"name":"Shay G. Wallace","orcid":"0000-0002-7535-6138","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":686563,"name":"Mark C. Hersam","orcid":"0000-0003-4120-1426","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":686564,"name":"E. Ercan","orcid":"0000-0002-4803-8863","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":246327,"name":"Derk Joester","orcid":"0000-0002-9663-3309","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":246322,"name":"Linus Stegbauer","orcid":"0000-0003-1823-7949","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":71,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:45:32.226038Z","pmid":"34088834","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}