{"doi":"10.1063/1.5050415","title":"The energy flow and mechanical modeling of soft chemo-mechanical machines","abstract":"<jats:p>Soft chemo-mechanical (SCM) machines convert chemical energy into mechanical energy. They have the advantages of fast actuation and compliant deformation and possess wide applications in soft robots and flexible smart devices. Using experiments and theoretical modeling, this paper investigates the chemo-mechanical energy flows and the energy conversion cycle in the pressure and volume (P–V) plane of an SCM machine consisting of a soft membrane and cylindrical chambers. The machine generates 16.1 mJ of mechanical energy per cycle. We study heat dissipation as the key issue affecting the conversion efficiency. The states of the conversion cycle calculated from mechanical modeling fit well with those measured experimentally. The design principles and the theoretical methods can be used to guide the fabrication and characterization of SCM actuators and robots.</jats:p>","journal":"Journal of Applied Physics","year":2018,"id":35770,"datarank":0.24612347658644068,"base_score":1.3862943611198906,"endowment":1.3862943611198906,"self_citation_contribution":0.20794415416798362,"citation_network_contribution":0.038179322418457055,"self_endowment_contribution":0.20794415416798362,"citer_contribution":0.038179322418457055,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":3,"citer_count":2,"citers_with_citation_signal":2,"citers_with_endowment":2,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":182537,"name":"Yaoting Xue","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":182538,"name":"Weijia Chen","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":182539,"name":"Mingqi Zhang","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":182540,"name":"Xiangping Chen","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":182541,"name":"Xunuo Cao","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5433,"name":"Zhen Zhang","orcid":"0000-0001-8446-1450","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":182542,"name":"Guorui Li","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":182543,"name":"Tiefeng Li","orcid":"0000-0002-6100-9266","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":182536,"name":"Liyuan Chen","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"base_score":1.3862943611198906,"endowment":1.3862943611198906,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"18998881","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2899313510","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"National Key R&D Program of China","grant_id":"2017YFA0701101-1103","title":null},{"funder_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","grant_id":"11321202","title":null},{"funder_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","grant_id":"11432012","title":null},{"funder_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","grant_id":"11572280","title":null},{"funder_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","grant_id":"11822207","title":null},{"funder_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","grant_id":"U1613202","title":null},{"funder_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","grant_id":"R18A020004","title":null},{"funder_name":"China Association for Science and Technology","grant_id":"YESS20150004","title":null}],"total_grants":8,"fwci":0.1114,"citation_percentile":0.4718229,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2019,"count":1},{"year":2023,"count":1},{"year":2025,"count":1}],"oa_status":"closed","license":null,"oa_locations":[{"url":"https://pubs.aip.org/aip/jap/article-pdf/doi/10.1063/1.5050415/15223663/165111_1_online.pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5050415","host_type":"journal"}],"fields_of_study":["Soft Robotics and Applications","Micro and Nano Robotics","Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","Materials Science","Engineering","Chemistry"],"mesh_terms":[],"keywords":["Mechanical energy","Mechanical engineering","Actuator","Energy transformation","Mechanical system","Dissipation","Energy flow","Mechanical design","Energy (signal processing)","Robot","Materials science","Deformation (meteorology)","Computer science","Engineering","Electrical engineering","Physics","Composite material","Thermodynamics","Artificial intelligence"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-06-10T09:02:46.461349Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}