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In the present review we discuss how upstream AUGs can control the expression of the main open reading frame, and a comparison is made with other elements in the 5′-UTR that control mRNA translation, such as hairpins and internal ribosome entry sites. Recent data indicate the flexibility of controlling translation initiation, and how the mode of ribosome entry on the mRNA as well as the elements in the 5′-UTR can accurately regulate the amount of protein synthesized from a specific mRNA.</jats:p>","journal":"Biochemical Journal","year":2002,"id":33523,"datarank":14.016119008513801,"base_score":5.768320995793772,"endowment":5.768320995793772,"self_citation_contribution":0.8652481493690659,"citation_network_contribution":13.150870859144735,"self_endowment_contribution":0.8652481493690659,"citer_contribution":13.150870859144735,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":319,"citer_count":200,"citers_with_citation_signal":200,"citers_with_endowment":200,"datacite_reuse_total":4,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":175227,"name":"Adri A.M. THOMAS","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":175226,"name":"Hedda A. MEIJER","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"base_score":5.768320995793772,"endowment":5.768320995793772,"datacite_reuse_total":4,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"12117416","pmcid":"PMC1222879","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2020850864","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":9.8914,"citation_percentile":0.98894203,"influential_citations":10,"citation_trend":[{"year":2012,"count":14},{"year":2013,"count":17},{"year":2014,"count":13},{"year":2015,"count":7},{"year":2016,"count":12},{"year":2017,"count":6},{"year":2018,"count":7},{"year":2019,"count":5},{"year":2020,"count":6},{"year":2021,"count":5},{"year":2022,"count":7},{"year":2023,"count":8},{"year":2024,"count":2},{"year":2025,"count":6},{"year":2026,"count":2}],"oa_status":"bronze","license":null,"oa_locations":[{"url":"https://portlandpress.com/biochemj/article-pdf/367/1/1/710088/bj3670001.pdf","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc1222879?pdf=render","host_type":"GREEN"},{"url":"https://portlandpress.com/biochemj/article-pdf/367/1/1/710088/bj3670001.pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1042/bj20011706","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12117416","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1222879","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms","RNA Research and Splicing","RNA regulation and disease","Biology","Medicine","5' Untranslated Regions","Animals","Codon","Down-Regulation","Humans","Models, Biological","Open Reading Frames","Protein Biosynthesis","Protein Structure, Secondary","Protein Structure, Tertiary","RNA, Messenger","Ribosomes","Transcription, Genetic"],"mesh_terms":["Animals","Codon","Humans","Models, Biological","Ribosomes","RNA, Messenger","Transcription, Genetic","Protein Biosynthesis","Down-Regulation","Open Reading Frames","Protein Structure, Secondary","Protein Structure, Tertiary","5' Untranslated Regions"],"keywords":["Upstream open reading frame","Open reading frame","Five prime untranslated region","Translation (biology)","Ribosomal binding site","Messenger RNA","Untranslated region","Start codon","Ribosome","Eukaryotic translation","Internal ribosome entry site","Biology","Ribosome profiling","Protein biosynthesis","Translational regulation","Genetics","Cell biology","Gene","RNA","Peptide sequence"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Quality Education"}],"linked_datasets":[{"doi":"10.6084/m9.figshare.14456934.v1","title":"Additional file 1 of FINDER: an automated software package to annotate eukaryotic genes from RNA-Seq data and associated protein sequences","publisher":"figshare","resource_type":"JournalArticle"},{"doi":"10.6084/m9.figshare.14456934","title":"Additional file 1 of FINDER: an automated software package to annotate eukaryotic genes from RNA-Seq data and associated protein sequences","publisher":"figshare","resource_type":"JournalArticle"},{"doi":"10.6084/m9.figshare.14456958.v1","title":"Additional file 9 of FINDER: an automated software package to annotate eukaryotic genes from RNA-Seq data and associated protein sequences","publisher":"figshare","resource_type":"JournalArticle"},{"doi":"10.6084/m9.figshare.14456958","title":"Additional file 9 of FINDER: an automated software package to annotate eukaryotic genes from RNA-Seq data and associated protein sequences","publisher":"figshare","resource_type":"JournalArticle"}],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-06-09T16:23:52.247013Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}