{"doi":"10.1038/srep22342","title":"Dependence of fluorescent protein brightness on protein concentration in solution and enhancement of it","abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Fluorescent proteins have been widely used in biology because of their compatibility and varied applications in living specimens. Fluorescent proteins are often undesirably sensitive to intracellular conditions such as pH and ion concentration, generating considerable issues at times. However, harnessing these intrinsic sensitivities can help develop functional probes. In this study, we found that the fluorescence of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) depends on the protein concentration in the solution and that this dependence can be enhanced by adding a glycine residue in to the YFP; we applied this finding to construct an intracellular protein-crowding sensor. A Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) pair, involving a cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) insensitive to protein concentration and a glycine-inserted YFP, works as a genetically encoded probe to evaluate intracellular crowding. By measuring the fluorescence of the present FRET probe, we were able to detect dynamic changes in protein crowding in living cells.</jats:p>","journal":"Scientific Reports","year":2016,"id":15906,"datarank":2.0580271979532676,"base_score":4.007333185232471,"endowment":4.007333185232471,"self_citation_contribution":0.6010999777848708,"citation_network_contribution":1.456927220168397,"self_endowment_contribution":0.6010999777848708,"citer_contribution":1.456927220168397,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":54,"citer_count":44,"citers_with_citation_signal":40,"citers_with_endowment":40,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":119479,"name":"Hideaki Fujita","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":119480,"name":"Akira Kitamura","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":119481,"name":"Takashi Horio","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":119482,"name":"Johtaro Yamamoto","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":119483,"name":"Masataka Kinjo","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":119484,"name":"Akira Sasaki","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":119485,"name":"Hiroaki Machiyama","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":115058,"name":"Keiko Yoshizawa","orcid":null,"position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":119486,"name":"Taro Ichimura","orcid":null,"position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":119487,"name":"Katsumi Imada","orcid":null,"position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":119488,"name":"Takeharu Nagai","orcid":"0000-0003-2650-9895","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":119489,"name":"Tomonobu M. Watanabe","orcid":null,"position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":119478,"name":"Takamitsu J. Morikawa","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"base_score":4.007333185232471,"endowment":4.007333185232471,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"26956628","pmcid":"PMC4783657","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2295382293","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":10.5144,"citation_percentile":0.97686519,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2016,"count":2},{"year":2017,"count":7},{"year":2018,"count":4},{"year":2019,"count":8},{"year":2020,"count":5},{"year":2021,"count":8},{"year":2022,"count":4},{"year":2023,"count":6},{"year":2024,"count":4},{"year":2025,"count":4},{"year":2026,"count":2}],"oa_status":"gold","license":"cc-by","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/srep22342.pdf","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/srep22342.pdf","host_type":"GOLD"},{"url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/srep22342.pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/srep22342","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/srep22342","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26956628","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4783657","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4783657","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4783657?pdf=render","host_type":"Europe_PMC"}],"fields_of_study":["Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques","Lipid Membrane Structure and Behavior","Photosynthetic Processes and Mechanisms","Medicine","Biology","Chemistry","Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer","Glycine","Luminescent Measurements","Luminescent Proteins","Recombinant Proteins","Solutions"],"mesh_terms":["Glycine","Luminescent Measurements","Luminescent Proteins","Recombinant Proteins","Solutions","Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer"],"keywords":["Yellow fluorescent protein","Förster resonance energy transfer","Fluorescence","Green fluorescent protein","Intracellular","Fluorescent protein","Biophysics","Aequorea victoria","Cyan","Protein subcellular localization prediction","Chemistry","Biochemistry","Biology","Gene","Physics"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-06-01T19:31:33.232466Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}