{"doi":"10.1038/s43856-024-00539-2","title":"Insights from an N3C RECOVER EHR-based cohort study characterizing SARS-CoV-2 reinfections and Long COVID","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Although the COVID-19 pandemic has persisted for over 3 years, reinfections with SARS-CoV-2 are not well understood. We aim to characterize reinfection, understand development of Long COVID after reinfection, and compare severity of reinfection with initial infection. METHODS: We use an electronic health record study cohort of over 3 million patients from the National COVID Cohort Collaborative as part of the NIH Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery Initiative. We calculate summary statistics, effect sizes, and Kaplan-Meier curves to better understand COVID-19 reinfections. RESULTS: Here we validate previous findings of reinfection incidence (6.9%), the occurrence of most reinfections during the Omicron epoch, and evidence of multiple reinfections. We present findings that the proportion of Long COVID diagnoses is higher following initial infection than reinfection for infections in the same epoch. We report lower albumin levels leading up to reinfection and a statistically significant association of severity between initial infection and reinfection (chi-squared value: 25,697, p-value: <0.0001) with a medium effect size (Cramer's V: 0.20, DoF = 3). Individuals who experienced severe initial and first reinfection were older in age and at a higher mortality risk than those who had mild initial infection and reinfection. CONCLUSIONS: In a large patient cohort, we find that the severity of reinfection appears to be associated with the severity of initial infection and that Long COVID diagnoses appear to occur more often following initial infection than reinfection in the same epoch. Future research may build on these findings to better understand COVID-19 reinfections.","journal":"Communications Medicine","year":2024,"id":419372,"datarank":1.1332447728648296,"base_score":3.7376696182833684,"endowment":3.7376696182833684,"self_citation_contribution":0.5606504427425053,"citation_network_contribution":0.5725943301223243,"self_endowment_contribution":0.5606504427425053,"citer_contribution":0.5725943301223243,"corpus_percentile":81.94476676723137,"corpus_rank":2335,"citation_count":41,"citer_count":38,"citers_with_citation_signal":22,"citers_with_endowment":22,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":true,"is_dataset_confidence":0.755,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":41.6667,"fair_percentile":54.173035768878016,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":621067,"name":"Yun Jae Yoo","orcid":"0000-0003-2144-8480","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":986659,"name":"Saaya Patel","orcid":"0000-0002-4674-2646","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":948422,"name":"Andrea Zhou","orcid":"0000-0003-1845-5620","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":636062,"name":"Bryan Laraway","orcid":"0000-0002-0450-7074","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":843669,"name":"Rachel Wong","orcid":"0000-0003-3108-7324","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":699706,"name":"Alexander Preiss","orcid":"0000-0002-7966-527X","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":965115,"name":"Robert Chew","orcid":"0000-0002-6979-1766","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":49930,"name":"Hannah Davis","orcid":"0000-0002-1245-2034","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":983339,"name":"M. Daniel Brannock","orcid":"0000-0001-8095-547X","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":49893,"name":"Christopher G. Chute","orcid":"0000-0001-5437-2545","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":49914,"name":"Emily Pfaff","orcid":"0000-0002-6840-9756","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":59360,"name":"Johanna J. Loomba","orcid":"0000-0003-3673-5423","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":4026,"name":"Melissa A Haendel","orcid":"0000-0001-9114-8737","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":266572,"name":"Elaine Hill","orcid":"0000-0003-2494-317X","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1067158,"name":"N3C and RECOVER Consortia","orcid":null,"position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":49910,"name":"Richard A. Moffitt","orcid":"0000-0003-2723-5902","position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":834092,"name":"Emily Hadley","orcid":"0000-0003-0074-4344","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":60,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:57:14.586331Z","pmid":"38992084","pmcid":"PMC11239932","fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":33.3333,"fair_a":50.0,"fair_i":40.0,"fair_r":50.0,"fair_zscore":0.2857,"fair_rationale":{"fair_score":41.67,"has_llm":true,"taxonomy_version":"fair_taxonomy_v5","dimensions":{"F":{"name":"Findable","score":33.33,"criteria":[{"key":"f_dataset_pid","label":"Persistent identifier for the data","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":"All data used in this study is available through the N3C Enclave to approved users. See https://covid.cd2h.org/for-researchers for instructions on how to access the data.","grounded":false,"rationale":"The paper provides a web URL (https://covid.cd2h.org/for-researchers) as the location of the data, not a persistent identifier such as a DOI or repository accession. [downgraded to 'no' — no verifiable quote from the paper]","anchors":["RDA-F1-01D — FAIR Data Maturity Model: 'Data is identified by a persistent identifier' (priorit","RDA-F1-02D — FAIR Data Maturity Model: 'Data is identified by a globally unique identifier'","FsF-F1-02D — F-UJI/FAIRsFAIR: 'Data is assigned a persistent identifier'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"f_repository_named","label":"Named repository","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"All data used in this study is available through the N3C Enclave to approved users.","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper names the N3C Enclave, a curated data repository listed in re3data, as the holder of the data.","anchors":["RDA-F4-01M — FAIR Data Maturity Model: metadata is offered so it can be harvested and indexed (","NIH DMS Policy Element 4 (NOT-OD-21-014) — name the repository where data will be archived","NSTC Desirable Characteristics of Data Repositories (2022) — 'Long-Term Sustainability', 'Reten"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"f_data_availability_statement","label":"Data-availability statement","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":"All data used in this study is available through the N3C Enclave to approved users. See https://covid.cd2h.org/for-researchers for instructions on how to access the data.","grounded":false,"rationale":"The statement names a repository (N3C Enclave) but does not point to a specific repository record with an accession, DOI, or persistent link; it points to a general instructions page, so it is not a repository record. [downgraded to 'no' — no verifiable quote from the paper] [majority verdict 'no' (2/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["Colavizza, Hrynaszkiewicz, Staden, Whitaker & McGillivray (2020), 'The citation advantage of li","Springer Nature research data policy — Data Availability Statements: standard statement templat","RDA-F3-01M — metadata clearly and explicitly includes the identifier of the data it describes"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"f_discovery_metadata","label":"Description of the dataset as an object","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"The study cohort included 3,104,391 adults (age: mean 49.7 years, standard deviation (SD) 18.5; 62.8% female) (Table 1, Supplementary Data 1).","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper describes the dataset's content and extent (the cohort size and demographics) in running prose, without an itemised section, table, or list of files/variables.","anchors":["RDA-F2-01M — 'Rich metadata is provided to allow discovery' (priority Essential)","FsF-F2-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes descriptive core elements to support data findability'","FsF-R1-01MD — F-UJI: 'Metadata specifies the content of the data'"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"f_dataset_cited","label":"Dataset formally cited","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No identifier for the dataset appears anywhere in the paper as a reference-list entry or in body text.","anchors":["FORCE11 Joint Declaration of Data Citation Principles (2014) — data should be cited as a first-","RDA-F3-01M — metadata clearly and explicitly includes the identifier of the data it describes","FsF-F3-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes the identifier of the data it describes'"],"scored":true,"signal":null}]},"A":{"name":"Accessible","score":50.0,"criteria":[{"key":"a_data_openly_accessible","label":"Access route free of preconditions","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"All data used in this study is available through the N3C Enclave to approved users.","grounded":true,"rationale":"The access route carries a precondition (approval), making it a specified followable process with a precondition, not unconditional open access.","anchors":["RDA-A1.1-01D — 'Data is accessible through a free access protocol'","FsF-A1-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata contains access level and access conditions of the data'","NSTC Desirable Characteristics of Data Repositories (2022) — 'Free and Easy Access'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"a_access_conditions_stated","label":"Access level labelled","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"All data used in this study is available through the N3C Enclave to approved users.","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper does not label the access level (e.g., 'open access' or 'restricted'), but the sentence describes an access action requiring approval, from which restricted access is inferred.","anchors":["FsF-A1-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata contains access level and access conditions of the data'","RDA-A1-01M — metadata contains information to enable the user to get access to the data","COAR Controlled Vocabularies — Access Rights v1.0 (open / embargoed / restricted / metadata-onl"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"a_controlled_access_for_sensitive","label":"Gatekeeper for sensitive data","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"The N3C Data Enclave is managed under the authority of the NIH; information can be found at https://ncats.nih.gov/n3c/resources.","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper names the N3C Enclave, a controlled-access repository managed by the NIH, as the institutional gatekeeper for the sensitive EHR data.","anchors":["NIH Genomic Data Sharing Policy (NOT-OD-14-124) — controlled-access via a Data Access Committee","RDA-A1.2-01D — 'Data is accessible through an access protocol that supports authentication and ","NIH DMS Policy Element 5 (NOT-OD-21-014) — Access, Distribution, or Reuse Considerations (conse"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"a_timeline_retention","label":"Availability timing & retention","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"The paper contains no statement about when the data become available or how long they will be retained. [majority verdict 'no' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["NIH DMS Plan Element 4 (NOT-OD-21-014) — Data Preservation, Access, and Associated Timelines","NSTC Desirable Characteristics (2022), Organizational Infrastructure: 'Retention Policy'","RDA-A2-01M — 'Metadata is guaranteed to remain available after data is no longer available'"],"scored":false,"signal":null}]},"I":{"name":"Interoperable","score":40.0,"criteria":[{"key":"i_open_nonproprietary_format","label":"Open file format","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No file format for the released data is named in the paper.","anchors":["FsF-R1.3-02D — F-UJI: 'Data is available in a file format recommended by the target research co","RDA-R1.3-02D — data is expressed in a machine-understandable community standard","RDA-I1-01D — data uses a knowledge representation expressed in a standardised format"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"i_community_standard_vocabulary","label":"Community standard / vocabulary","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"International Classification of Diseases-10-Clinical Modification (ICD-10) COVID-19 diagnosis code (U07.1)","grounded":false,"rationale":"The paper names ICD-10, a standard vocabulary registered in FAIRsharing, as the data standard used for diagnosis codes. [downgraded to 'partial' — no verifiable quote from the paper]","anchors":["RDA-R1.3-01M — 'Metadata complies with a community standard' (priority Essential)","RDA-R1.3-01D — 'Data complies with a community standard'","RDA-I2-01M — '(Meta)data use vocabularies that follow FAIR principles'"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"i_qualified_references","label":"Identifiers for the resources the data depend on","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"We used N3C data from version 141 (9/14/2023)","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper provides a version identifier (version 141, date 9/14/2023) for the N3C data, a resource other than the paper's own dataset that the study depends on. [majority verdict 'yes' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-I3-01M — '(meta)data include references to other (meta)data'","RDA-I3-03M — 'metadata includes qualified references to other metadata'","FsF-I3-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes links between the data and its related entities'"],"scored":false,"signal":null}]},"R":{"name":"Reusable","score":50.0,"criteria":[{"key":"r_reuse_license","label":"Reuse licence","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"The paper does not mention any license, terms of use, or data use agreement for the data itself.","anchors":["RDA-R1.1-01M — 'Metadata includes information about the licence under which the data can be reu","RDA-R1.1-02M — 'Metadata refers to a standard reuse licence'","RDA-R1.1-03M — 'Metadata refers to a machine-understandable reuse licence'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"r_provenance_methods","label":"Provenance of the data","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"All analysis and visualization were done in the N3C Enclave using SQL, Python (v3.6), and R (v3.6), including ggplot2, survival, and survminer packages.","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper names specific versions of software (Python v3.6, R v3.6) and the Palantir Foundry platform, meeting the requirement for named tools. [majority verdict 'yes' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-R1.2-01M — 'Metadata includes provenance information according to community- specific standa","FsF-R1.2-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes provenance information about data creation or generati","W3C PROV-O (W3C Recommendation, 2013) — the entity/activity/agent model of provenance"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"r_documentation_codebook","label":"Documentation / codebook","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":"Definition of reinfection.","grounded":false,"rationale":"The paper defines key variables (e.g., reinfection, severity, Long COVID) in the Methods section inside the article, but does not mention a documentation object (e.g., README, codebook) shipped with the data. [downgraded to 'no' — no verifiable quote from the paper] [majority verdict 'no' (4/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-R1-01M — '(Meta)data are richly described with a plurality of accurate and relevant attribu","FsF-R1-01MD — F-UJI: 'Metadata specifies the content of the data'","NIH DMS Policy Element 3 (NOT-OD-21-014) — Standards (documentation and metadata to accompany t"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"r_versioning","label":"Snapshot identified","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"We used N3C data from version 141 (9/14/2023)","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper provides a version token (version 141) and a date (9/14/2023) to identify the specific snapshot of the N3C data used.","anchors":["DataCite Metadata Schema 4.6 — the 'Version' property","RDA-R1.2-01M — provenance information (which version was used is provenance)","NSTC Desirable Characteristics of Data Repositories (2022) — 'Provenance', 'Retention Policy'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"x_code_availability","label":"Analysis code available","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"Code is available on Zenodo 61.","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper states that the code is available on Zenodo, and reference 61 provides a DOI (10.5281/zenodo.10699193), a machine-resolvable locator.","anchors":["NIH DMS Policy Element 2 (NOT-OD-21-014) — 'Related Tools, Software and/or Code'","FAIR4RS Principles v1.0 (Chue Hong et al., 2022; RDA/FORCE11/ReSA) — FAIR Principles for Resear","FORCE11 Software Citation Principles (Smith, Katz & Niemeyer, 2016, PeerJ CS 2:e86)"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"x_funding_attribution","label":"Funder and award number","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"This research was funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Agreement OTA OT2HL161847","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper names the NIH as funder and provides an award number (OT2HL161847).","anchors":["DataCite Metadata Schema 4.6 — 'FundingReference' property (funderName, funderIdentifier, award","Crossref Funder Registry — canonical funder identifiers for funding metadata","RDA-F2-01M — rich metadata provided to allow discovery (funding is part of the descriptive reco"],"scored":true,"signal":null}]}},"actions":[{"key":"f_dataset_pid","dimension":"F","label":"Persistent identifier for the data","action":"Mint or cite a persistent identifier for the dataset — a repository DOI or an accession from a registered repository — and print it in the paper. A bare URL is not persistent: it is the single most common cause of a dead data link five years after publication. For clinical / human-subjects data, deposit in dbGaP or the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA).","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":"All data used in this study is available through the N3C Enclave to approved users. See https://covid.cd2h.org/for-researchers for instructions on how to access the data.","why":"The paper provides a web URL (https://covid.cd2h.org/for-researchers) as the location of the data, not a persistent identifier such as a DOI or repository accession. [downgraded to 'no' — no verifiable quote from the paper]","gain":16.67,"priority":"essential","scored":true},{"key":"r_reuse_license","dimension":"R","label":"Reuse licence","action":"Attach a standard, machine-readable open licence to the deposit — CC0 or CC BY, which is what Horizon Europe and most funders expect — and print the licence identifier in the paper. 'Free to use' is not a licence: it grants nothing a reuser's institution can rely on.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"The paper does not mention any license, terms of use, or data use agreement for the data itself.","gain":16.67,"priority":"essential","scored":true},{"key":"a_data_openly_accessible","dimension":"A","label":"Access route free of preconditions","action":"Remove the precondition or justify it. Release the data at publication with no embargo, no registration wall, and no approval step — NIH's zero-embargo public- access rule (NOT-OD-25-101) has already made 'available at publication' the federal baseline for the article; the data should not lag behind it. For clinical / human-subjects data, deposit in dbGaP or the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA).","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"All data used in this study is available through the N3C Enclave to approved users.","why":"The access route carries a precondition (approval), making it a specified followable process with a precondition, not unconditional open access.","gain":8.33,"priority":"essential","scored":true},{"key":"f_dataset_cited","dimension":"F","label":"Dataset formally cited","action":"Cite the dataset in the reference list like a publication — creator, year, title, repository, DOI/accession — and cite it in-text where it is used. Only a reference- list entry is machine-readable to Crossref/DataCite, and only a citation lets the data earn credit. Cite the clinical / human-subjects repository accession (e.g. from dbGaP or the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA)) in the reference list.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No identifier for the dataset appears anywhere in the paper as a reference-list entry or in body text.","gain":8.33,"priority":"important","scored":true},{"key":"i_open_nonproprietary_format","dimension":"I","label":"Open file format","action":"Release the data in an open, community-standard format (CSV/TSV, JSON, HDF5, NetCDF, FASTQ, VCF, NIfTI…) instead of — or alongside — any proprietary or instrument-native format, and name the format in the paper. A dataset that needs a €2,000 licence to open is not reusable.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No file format for the released data is named in the paper.","gain":8.33,"priority":"important","scored":true},{"key":"f_data_availability_statement","dimension":"F","label":"Data-availability statement","action":"Replace the statement with the repository template: name the repository and give the accession or DOI (Colavizza category 3). This is the only DAS class associated with a measured citation advantage; 'available on reasonable request' and 'within the article' are not.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":"All data used in this study is available through the N3C Enclave to approved users. See https://covid.cd2h.org/for-researchers for instructions on how to access the data.","why":"The statement names a repository (N3C Enclave) but does not point to a specific repository record with an accession, DOI, or persistent link; it points to a general instructions page, so it is not a repository record. [downgraded to 'no' — no verifiable quote from the paper] [majority verdict 'no' (2/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"essential","scored":false},{"key":"f_discovery_metadata","dimension":"F","label":"Description of the dataset as an object","action":"Add a 'Data Records' section: itemise every file in the deposit and every variable or sample it holds, with counts and units. Describe the dataset as an object in its own right, not as a by-product of the findings — this is what makes it discoverable to someone who is not looking for your paper.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"The study cohort included 3,104,391 adults (age: mean 49.7 years, standard deviation (SD) 18.5; 62.8% female) (Table 1, Supplementary Data 1).","why":"The paper describes the dataset's content and extent (the cohort size and demographics) in running prose, without an itemised section, table, or list of files/variables.","gain":0.0,"priority":"essential","scored":false},{"key":"a_access_conditions_stated","dimension":"A","label":"Access level labelled","action":"State the access level in words, using the standard vocabulary: 'These data are open access' / 'These data are controlled access'. A reader — and a harvester — should not have to infer the access level from the presence of a download link.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"All data used in this study is available through the N3C Enclave to approved users.","why":"The paper does not label the access level (e.g., 'open access' or 'restricted'), but the sentence describes an access action requiring approval, from which restricted access is inferred.","gain":0.0,"priority":"important","scored":false},{"key":"i_community_standard_vocabulary","dimension":"I","label":"Community standard / vocabulary","action":"Adopt and NAME your domain's data standard — the minimum-information checklist, metadata schema, or ontology your community uses (MIAME/MINSEQE, ISA-Tab, BIDS, an OBO ontology, HL7 FHIR/OMOP) — and say which one you followed. A reporting checklist standardises your paper; it does nothing for your data. In clinical / human-subjects, describe the data with OMOP CDM, CDISC SDTM or HL7 FHIR.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"International Classification of Diseases-10-Clinical Modification (ICD-10) COVID-19 diagnosis code (U07.1)","why":"The paper names ICD-10, a standard vocabulary registered in FAIRsharing, as the data standard used for diagnosis codes. [downgraded to 'partial' — no verifiable quote from the paper]","gain":0.0,"priority":"important","scored":false},{"key":"r_documentation_codebook","dimension":"R","label":"Documentation / codebook","action":"Ship a README and a data dictionary IN the deposit — every file, every variable, its units, its allowed values, its missing-value codes. It is the cheapest single thing that makes a dataset usable by someone who was not in the lab, and a table buried in the article does not travel with the data.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":"Definition of reinfection.","why":"The paper defines key variables (e.g., reinfection, severity, Long COVID) in the Methods section inside the article, but does not mention a documentation object (e.g., README, codebook) shipped with the data. [downgraded to 'no' — no verifiable quote from the paper] [majority verdict 'no' (4/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"important","scored":false},{"key":"a_timeline_retention","dimension":"A","label":"Availability timing & retention","action":"State when the data become available AND how long they will be retained — cite the repository's preservation policy. NIH DMS Element 4 asks for both; most papers give neither.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"The paper contains no statement about when the data become available or how long they will be retained. [majority verdict 'no' (3/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false}],"suggestions":["Mint or cite a persistent identifier for the dataset — a repository DOI or an accession from a registered repository — and print it in the paper. A bare URL is not persistent: it is the single most common cause of a dead data link five years after publication. For clinical / human-subjects data, deposit in dbGaP or the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA).","Attach a standard, machine-readable open licence to the deposit — CC0 or CC BY, which is what Horizon Europe and most funders expect — and print the licence identifier in the paper. 'Free to use' is not a licence: it grants nothing a reuser's institution can rely on.","Remove the precondition or justify it. Release the data at publication with no embargo, no registration wall, and no approval step — NIH's zero-embargo public- access rule (NOT-OD-25-101) has already made 'available at publication' the federal baseline for the article; the data should not lag behind it. For clinical / human-subjects data, deposit in dbGaP or the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA).","Cite the dataset in the reference list like a publication — creator, year, title, repository, DOI/accession — and cite it in-text where it is used. Only a reference- list entry is machine-readable to Crossref/DataCite, and only a citation lets the data earn credit. Cite the clinical / human-subjects repository accession (e.g. from dbGaP or the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA)) in the reference list.","Release the data in an open, community-standard format (CSV/TSV, JSON, HDF5, NetCDF, FASTQ, VCF, NIfTI…) instead of — or alongside — any proprietary or instrument-native format, and name the format in the paper. A dataset that needs a €2,000 licence to open is not reusable."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","agent_version":"fair_agent_v8","fulltext_source":"unpaywall_pdf"},"fair_model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","fair_agent_version":"fair_agent_v8","fair_fulltext_source":"unpaywall_pdf","fair_has_llm":true,"fair_computed_at":"2026-07-20T11:26:00.863615Z","clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}