{"doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-04835-2","title":"Extracellular vesicles as biomarkers for traumatic brain injury using a 3D in vitro human brain tissue model","abstract":"Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant health challenge worldwide, with current diagnostics and treatment falling short due to the complex pathophysiology involved. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role in brain injury response and are promising biomarkers for understanding the progression of TBI. A 3D in vitro human brain tissue model, comprising neurons, astrocytes, and microglia was utilized to simulate TBI and investigate EV responses. EVs were isolated at multiple acute timepoints post-injury and microRNA (miRNA) profiling revealed transient dysregulation of several miRNAs that aligned with clinical and in vivo studies. Pathway analysis revealed that these miRNAs are associated with the phosphoinositide 3-kinase / protein kinase B (PI3K / AKT) cell signaling pathway, a key regulator of neuroprotection, cell survival and injury response in TBI. The data suggest that temporal dysregulation of miRNAs plays a critical role in driving cellular responses following tissue injury and may serve as an initial snapshot of signaling following TBI, informing future investigations into long-term injury progression. Additionally, these findings demonstrate the utility of using an in vitro brain tissue model to study EVs in TBI to help identify potential biomarkers for clinical utility.","journal":"Scientific Reports","year":2025,"id":513480,"datarank":0.3866204254127356,"base_score":2.3978952727983707,"endowment":2.3978952727983707,"self_citation_contribution":0.3596842909197557,"citation_network_contribution":0.026936134492979946,"self_endowment_contribution":0.3596842909197557,"citer_contribution":0.026936134492979946,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":10,"citer_count":9,"citers_with_citation_signal":3,"citers_with_endowment":3,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9488,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1374571,"name":"Vishal Tandon","orcid":"0000-0002-6618-7846","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":225373,"name":"David L. Kaplan","orcid":"0000-0002-9245-7774","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1375249,"name":"Peter Hsi","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":121,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:48:17.908238Z","pmid":"40707605","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}