{"doi":"10.1038/s41597-025-04740-3","title":"The interplay between brain and behavior during development: A multisite effort to generate and share simulated datasets","abstract":"One of the challenges in the field of neuroimaging is that we often lack knowledge about the underlying truth and whether our methods can detect developmental changes. To address this gap, five research groups around the globe created simulated datasets embedded with their assumptions of the interplay between brain development, cognition, and behavior. Each group independently created the datasets, unaware of the approaches and assumptions made by the other groups. Each group simulated three datasets with the same variables, each with 10,000 participants over 7 longitudinal waves, ranging from 7 to 20 years-of-age. The independently created datasets include demographic data, brain derived variables along with behavior and cognition variables. These datasets and code that were used to generate the datasets can be downloaded and used by the research community to apply different longitudinal models to determine the underlying patterns and assumptions where the ground truth is known.","journal":"Scientific Data","year":2025,"id":556096,"datarank":0.16479184330021646,"base_score":1.0986122886681096,"endowment":1.0986122886681096,"self_citation_contribution":0.16479184330021646,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.16479184330021646,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":29.8,"corpus_rank":8742,"citation_count":2,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":true,"is_dataset_confidence":0.8672,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":83.3333,"fair_percentile":98.86884744726383,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1229573,"name":"Isabelle F. van der Velpen","orcid":"0000-0002-0128-6798","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":414163,"name":"Bradley T. 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Silva","orcid":"0000-0002-7271-1288","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1089518,"name":"Najme Soleimani","orcid":"0009-0007-3930-094X","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":277320,"name":"Emma Sprooten","orcid":"0000-0002-1691-9105","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":255766,"name":"Øystein Sørensen","orcid":"0000-0003-0724-3542","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":343600,"name":"Adam G. Thomas","orcid":null,"position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":272285,"name":"Audrey Thurm","orcid":"0000-0002-0489-9485","position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1454866,"name":"Zixuan Zhou","orcid":"0000-0002-9894-7934","position":17,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":227761,"name":"Vince D. Calhoun","orcid":"0000-0001-9058-0747","position":18,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":257919,"name":"Rogier Kievit","orcid":"0000-0003-0700-4568","position":19,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":459332,"name":"Anna Plachti","orcid":"0000-0001-5357-0523","position":20,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":554348,"name":"Xi‐Nian Zuo","orcid":"0000-0001-9110-585X","position":21,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":307399,"name":"Tonya White","orcid":"0000-0003-0271-1896","position":22,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":383389,"name":"Neda Sadeghi","orcid":"0000-0002-5213-1614","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":44,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:55:03.976486Z","pmid":"40118942","pmcid":"PMC11928570","fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":94.4444,"fair_a":75.0,"fair_i":20.0,"fair_r":75.0,"fair_zscore":1.9349,"fair_rationale":{"fair_score":83.33,"has_llm":true,"taxonomy_version":"fair_taxonomy_v5","dimensions":{"F":{"name":"Findable","score":94.44,"criteria":[{"key":"f_dataset_pid","label":"Persistent identifier for the data","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"The generated simulated datasets are now freely available to the research community and can be found at https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF .IO/YJT9P 21.","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper provides a DOI for its own dataset, which is a persistent identifier scheme. 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[downgraded to 'no' — no verifiable quote from the paper]","anchors":["RDA-I3-01M — '(meta)data include references to other (meta)data'","RDA-I3-03M — 'metadata includes qualified references to other metadata'","FsF-I3-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes links between the data and its related entities'"],"scored":false,"signal":null}]},"R":{"name":"Reusable","score":75.0,"criteria":[{"key":"r_reuse_license","label":"Reuse licence","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"publicly offered as data.zip under CC-BY 4.0 license21.","grounded":true,"rationale":"The data are licensed under CC-BY 4.0, an open standard licence.","anchors":["RDA-R1.1-01M — 'Metadata includes information about the licence under which the data can be reu","RDA-R1.1-02M — 'Metadata refers to a standard reuse licence'","RDA-R1.1-03M — 'Metadata refers to a machine-understandable reuse licence'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"r_provenance_methods","label":"Provenance of the data","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"The datasets were simulated using R, version 4.1.0 (http://www.r-project.org/) and the lavaan package29.","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper names specific tools and versions (R 4.1.0, lavaan) used to produce the data.","anchors":["RDA-R1.2-01M — 'Metadata includes provenance information according to community- specific standa","FsF-R1.2-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes provenance information about data creation or generati","W3C PROV-O (W3C Recommendation, 2013) — the entity/activity/agent model of provenance"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"r_documentation_codebook","label":"Documentation / codebook","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"an extensive data dictionary was provided to each group: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/YJT9P21.","grounded":false,"rationale":"A data dictionary is provided as part of the deposit, so it travels with the data. 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[downgraded to 'partial' — no verifiable quote from the paper] [majority verdict 'partial' (3/5 passes agreed)]","gain":4.17,"priority":"important","scored":true},{"key":"x_code_availability","dimension":"R","label":"Analysis code available","action":"Publish the analysis code in a public forge, archive a tagged release with a DOI (Zenodo/Software Heritage), and cite that DOI in the paper. NIH DMS Element 2 asks for the tools and code, not only the data — and 'available on request' is not a locator. Archive the analysis code in a versioned repository (GitHub + a Zenodo release DOI).","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"All the code used to create these datasets are available on https://github.com/SoCoDeN/Simulation/tree/main/code","why":"A machine-resolvable GitHub URL is given for the study's own code. 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A name is not a link: it cannot be resolved, versioned, or followed by a machine.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":"All the code used to create these datasets are available on https://github.com/SoCoDeN/Simulation/tree/main/code and all the code used to validate the datasets are at https://github.com/SoCoDeN/Simulation/tree/main/tools.","why":"The paper provides machine-resolvable URLs for the code, which are identifiers for resources other than the dataset itself. [downgraded to 'no' — no verifiable quote from the paper]","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false},{"key":"a_timeline_retention","dimension":"A","label":"Availability timing & retention","action":"State when the data become available AND how long they will be retained — cite the repository's preservation policy. NIH DMS Element 4 asks for both; most papers give neither.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No sentence states a retention period, availability timing beyond 'now', or persistence commitment. [majority verdict 'no' (3/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false}],"suggestions":["Cite the dataset in the reference list like a publication — creator, year, title, repository, DOI/accession — and cite it in-text where it is used. Only a reference- list entry is machine-readable to Crossref/DataCite, and only a citation lets the data earn credit. Cite the neuroimaging repository accession (e.g. from OpenNeuro or NeuroVault) in the reference list.","Release the data in an open, community-standard format (CSV/TSV, JSON, HDF5, NetCDF, FASTQ, VCF, NIfTI…) instead of — or alongside — any proprietary or instrument-native format, and name the format in the paper. A dataset that needs a €2,000 licence to open is not reusable. 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