{"doi":"10.1038/s41541-025-01151-8","title":"Durable T cell immunity to COVID-19 vaccines in MS patients on B cell depletion therapy","abstract":"Immune-mediated protection generated to COVID-19 mRNA vaccines is associated with anti-Spike (S) protein neutralizing antibodies. However, humoral immunity is compromised in B cell depleting (BCD) therapies, used to treat autoimmune diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS). To study the effect of BCD on the durability and protective efficacy of vaccine-induced immunity, we evaluated S-reactive antibodies and T cell responses 1–70 weeks post-vaccination in MS cohorts treated with BCD compared to non-BCD therapies from four centers. BCD-treated participants had significantly reduced antibody levels and enhanced frequencies of S-reactive CD4 + and CD8 + memory T cells to COVID-19 vaccination compared to the non-BCD group, with some variations among different BCD formulations. T cell memory responses persisted up to 14 months post-vaccination in both BCD and non-BCD cohorts, who experienced similar clinical protection from COVID-19. Together, our results establish a critical role for T cell-mediated immunity in anti-viral protection independent of humoral immunity.","journal":"npj Vaccines","year":2025,"id":539461,"datarank":0.27087444203891275,"base_score":1.6094379124341003,"endowment":1.6094379124341003,"self_citation_contribution":0.24141568686511508,"citation_network_contribution":0.029458755173797674,"self_endowment_contribution":0.24141568686511508,"citer_contribution":0.029458755173797674,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":4,"citer_count":2,"citers_with_citation_signal":1,"citers_with_endowment":1,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9479,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":575930,"name":"Ceren Tozlu","orcid":"0000-0002-6828-886X","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1427044,"name":"Claudia Aiello","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":105477,"name":"Sokratis A. Apostolidis","orcid":"0000-0002-0224-0097","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":277151,"name":"Amit Bar‐Or","orcid":"0000-0001-7179-0335","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":34019,"name":"Riley Bove","orcid":"0000-0002-2034-8800","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":583133,"name":"Diego A. Espinoza","orcid":"0000-0002-9627-6508","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1427045,"name":"Sugeidy Ferreira Brito","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":281937,"name":"Dina Jacobs","orcid":"0009-0005-6555-8712","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":615694,"name":"Mihir Kakara","orcid":"0000-0001-8951-8604","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":917000,"name":"Kaho Onomichi","orcid":null,"position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":697499,"name":"Adelle Ricci","orcid":null,"position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":246846,"name":"Joseph J. Sabatino","orcid":"0000-0002-6804-7441","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":933031,"name":"Elizabeth Walker","orcid":"0000-0002-6294-1098","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":36451,"name":"E. John Wherry","orcid":"0000-0003-0477-1956","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":662153,"name":"Lili Zhang","orcid":"0000-0002-9022-0327","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1119126,"name":"Wen Zhu","orcid":"0000-0003-0832-2453","position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":554569,"name":"Zongqi Xia","orcid":"0000-0003-1500-2589","position":17,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":771,"name":"Philip L. De Jager","orcid":"0000-0002-8057-2505","position":18,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":435311,"name":"Sarah F. Wesley","orcid":null,"position":19,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":697500,"name":"Rebecca Straus Farber","orcid":null,"position":20,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":225941,"name":"Donna L. Färber","orcid":"0000-0001-8236-9183","position":21,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":225931,"name":"Julia Davis‐Porada","orcid":"0000-0001-9313-4590","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":61,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:52:30.048313Z","pmid":"40382362","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}