{"doi":"10.1038/s41398-021-01622-1","title":"Cortical and subcortical brain structure in generalized anxiety disorder: findings from 28 research sites in the ENIGMA-Anxiety Working Group","abstract":"The goal of this study was to compare brain structure between individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and healthy controls. Previous studies have generated inconsistent findings, possibly due to small sample sizes, or clinical/analytic heterogeneity. To address these concerns, we combined data from 28 research sites worldwide through the ENIGMA-Anxiety Working Group, using a single, pre-registered mega-analysis. Structural magnetic resonance imaging data from children and adults (5-90 years) were processed using FreeSurfer. The main analysis included the regional and vertex-wise cortical thickness, cortical surface area, and subcortical volume as dependent variables, and GAD, age, age-squared, sex, and their interactions as independent variables. Nuisance variables included IQ, years of education, medication use, comorbidities, and global brain measures. The main analysis (1020 individuals with GAD and 2999 healthy controls) included random slopes per site and random intercepts per scanner. A secondary analysis (1112 individuals with GAD and 3282 healthy controls) included fixed slopes and random intercepts per scanner with the same variables. The main analysis showed no effect of GAD on brain structure, nor interactions involving GAD, age, or sex. The secondary analysis showed increased volume in the right ventral diencephalon in male individuals with GAD compared to male healthy controls, whereas female individuals with GAD did not differ from female healthy controls. This mega-analysis combining worldwide data showed that differences in brain structure related to GAD are small, possibly reflecting heterogeneity or those structural alterations are not a major component of its pathophysiology.","journal":"Translational Psychiatry","year":2021,"id":153268,"datarank":1.6739771156573617,"base_score":4.2626798770413155,"endowment":4.2626798770413155,"self_citation_contribution":0.6394019815561974,"citation_network_contribution":1.0345751341011644,"self_endowment_contribution":0.6394019815561974,"citer_contribution":1.0345751341011644,"corpus_percentile":87.51450452541192,"corpus_rank":1615,"citation_count":70,"citer_count":50,"citers_with_citation_signal":39,"citers_with_endowment":39,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":true,"is_dataset_confidence":0.5336,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":4.1667,"fair_percentile":4.891470498318557,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":295777,"name":"Elise M. Cardinale","orcid":"0000-0002-5117-6124","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":107807,"name":"Nynke A. Groenewold","orcid":"0000-0002-0865-8427","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":109352,"name":"Janna Marie Bas‐Hoogendam","orcid":"0000-0001-8982-1670","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":109346,"name":"Moji Aghajani","orcid":"0000-0003-2040-4881","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":109313,"name":"Kevin Hilbert","orcid":"0000-0002-7986-4113","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":295779,"name":"Narcı́s Cardoner","orcid":"0000-0001-9633-0888","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":295780,"name":"Daniel Porta‐Casteràs","orcid":"0000-0002-3921-3607","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":296965,"name":"Savannah N. Gosnell","orcid":null,"position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":295781,"name":"Ramiro Salas","orcid":"0000-0002-1105-566X","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":255762,"name":"Andrea Parolin Jackowski","orcid":"0000-0001-8842-5406","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":295790,"name":"Pedro Mário Pan","orcid":"0000-0002-1943-6520","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":255765,"name":"Giovanni Abrahão Salum","orcid":"0000-0002-7537-7289","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":295782,"name":"Karina S. Blair","orcid":"0000-0003-4382-6219","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":295783,"name":"James Blair","orcid":"0000-0002-6377-2361","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":295784,"name":"Mira Z. Hammoud","orcid":"0000-0002-3061-9088","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":295785,"name":"Mohammed R. Milad","orcid":"0000-0002-8620-5132","position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":295786,"name":"Katie L. Burkhouse","orcid":"0000-0002-9214-732X","position":17,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":284530,"name":"K. Luan Phan","orcid":"0009-0004-8693-6690","position":18,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":296966,"name":"Heidi K. Schroeder","orcid":null,"position":19,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":295787,"name":"Jeffrey R. Strawn","orcid":"0000-0002-7526-2641","position":20,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":295788,"name":"Katja Beesdo‐Baum","orcid":"0000-0002-9687-5527","position":21,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":107762,"name":"Neda Jahanshad","orcid":"0000-0003-4401-8950","position":22,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":107770,"name":"Sophia I. Thomopoulos","orcid":"0000-0002-0046-4070","position":23,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":16290,"name":"Randy L. Buckner","orcid":"0000-0001-6422-8037","position":24,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":295789,"name":"Jared A. Nielsen","orcid":"0000-0002-2717-193X","position":25,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":104618,"name":"Jordan W. Smoller","orcid":"0000-0002-0381-6334","position":26,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":235057,"name":"Jair C. Soares","orcid":"0000-0002-5466-5628","position":27,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":235048,"name":"Benson Mwangi","orcid":"0000-0002-1717-4395","position":28,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":235068,"name":"Mon‐Ju Wu","orcid":"0000-0002-0540-8027","position":29,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":238590,"name":"Giovana Zunta‐Soares","orcid":null,"position":30,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":295791,"name":"Michal Assaf","orcid":"0000-0001-5307-1986","position":31,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":295792,"name":"Gretchen J. Diefenbach","orcid":"0000-0002-4945-2708","position":32,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":21859,"name":"Paolo Brambilla","orcid":"0000-0002-4021-8456","position":33,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":650140,"name":"Eleonora Maggioni","orcid":"0000-0003-4331-4029","position":34,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":284511,"name":"David Hofmann","orcid":"0000-0003-3494-634X","position":35,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":286920,"name":"Thomas Straube","orcid":null,"position":36,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":295793,"name":"Carmen Andreescu","orcid":"0000-0003-3767-5127","position":37,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":296968,"name":"Rachel Berta","orcid":null,"position":38,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":296969,"name":"Erica Tamburo","orcid":null,"position":39,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":295794,"name":"Rebecca B. Price","orcid":"0000-0002-7590-4325","position":40,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":295795,"name":"Gisele Gus Manfro","orcid":"0000-0002-0109-7591","position":41,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":295799,"name":"Federica Agosta","orcid":"0000-0003-3121-4979","position":42,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":295800,"name":"Elisa Canu","orcid":"0000-0001-5804-3378","position":43,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":295801,"name":"Camilla Cividini","orcid":"0000-0003-0602-5375","position":44,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":247674,"name":"Massimo Filippi","orcid":"0000-0002-5485-0479","position":45,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":295802,"name":"Milutin Kostić","orcid":"0000-0001-6986-303X","position":46,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":295803,"name":"Ana Munjiza","orcid":"0000-0002-5786-8906","position":47,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":286350,"name":"Bianca A. V. Alberton","orcid":"0000-0001-7680-7300","position":48,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":79175,"name":"Brenda E. Benson","orcid":"0000-0002-3746-8657","position":49,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":295778,"name":"Gabrielle F. Freitag","orcid":"0000-0002-5393-5139","position":50,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":109309,"name":"Courtney A. Filippi","orcid":"0000-0001-8327-7459","position":51,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":298723,"name":"Andrea L. Gold","orcid":"0000-0003-4447-776X","position":52,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":37376,"name":"Ellen Leibenluft","orcid":"0000-0001-8971-2087","position":53,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":650141,"name":"Grace Ringlein","orcid":"0000-0002-6583-7325","position":54,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":650793,"name":"Kathryn Werwath","orcid":null,"position":55,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":296963,"name":"Hannah Zwiebel","orcid":null,"position":56,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":295775,"name":"André Zugman","orcid":"0000-0002-6126-7759","position":57,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5329,"name":"Hans J. Grabe","orcid":"0000-0003-3684-4208","position":58,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5305,"name":"Sandra Van der Auwera","orcid":"0000-0002-1757-7768","position":59,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":235067,"name":"Katharina Wittfeld","orcid":"0000-0003-4383-5043","position":60,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5359,"name":"Henry Völzke","orcid":"0000-0001-7003-399X","position":61,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":107782,"name":"Robin Bülow","orcid":"0000-0003-1884-5784","position":62,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":295804,"name":"Nicholas L. Balderston","orcid":"0000-0002-8565-1544","position":63,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":296970,"name":"Monique Ernst","orcid":null,"position":64,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":295805,"name":"Christian Grillon","orcid":"0000-0002-0625-260X","position":65,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":295806,"name":"Lilianne R. Mujica‐Parodi","orcid":"0000-0002-3752-5519","position":66,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":295807,"name":"Helena van Nieuwenhuizen","orcid":"0000-0003-2375-107X","position":67,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":237426,"name":"Hugo Critchley","orcid":"0000-0002-2445-9284","position":68,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":295796,"name":"Elena Makovac","orcid":"0000-0002-7018-1906","position":69,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":252384,"name":"Matteo Mancini","orcid":"0000-0001-7194-4568","position":70,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":295797,"name":"Frances Meeten","orcid":"0000-0002-0648-0194","position":71,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":295798,"name":"Cristina Ottaviani","orcid":"0000-0002-5240-4387","position":72,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":627744,"name":"Tali M. Ball","orcid":"0000-0001-9706-3195","position":73,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":258805,"name":"Gregory A. Fonzo","orcid":"0000-0002-0213-1034","position":74,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":242790,"name":"Martin P. Paulus","orcid":"0000-0002-0825-3606","position":75,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":22832,"name":"Murray B Stein","orcid":"0000-0001-9564-2871","position":76,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":230042,"name":"Raquel E. Gur","orcid":"0000-0002-4082-8502","position":77,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":230043,"name":"Ruben C. Gur","orcid":"0000-0002-9657-1996","position":78,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":295808,"name":"Antonia N. Kaczkurkin","orcid":"0000-0002-0943-3094","position":79,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":274058,"name":"Bart Larsen","orcid":"0000-0001-7896-4342","position":80,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":230040,"name":"Theodore D. Satterthwaite","orcid":"0000-0001-7072-9399","position":81,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":295809,"name":"Jennifer Harper","orcid":"0000-0001-6441-8471","position":82,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":295810,"name":"Michael J. Myers","orcid":"0000-0001-8643-3621","position":83,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":259392,"name":"Michael T. Perino","orcid":"0000-0002-0900-2198","position":84,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":259379,"name":"Chad M. Sylvester","orcid":"0000-0003-2154-0826","position":85,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":259380,"name":"Qiongru Yu","orcid":"0000-0001-6844-2014","position":86,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":109321,"name":"Ulrike Lueken","orcid":"0000-0003-1564-4012","position":87,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":240749,"name":"Dick J. Veltman","orcid":"0000-0001-8971-4250","position":88,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":51712,"name":"Paul M. Thompson","orcid":"0000-0002-4720-8867","position":89,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":235059,"name":"Dan J. Stein","orcid":"0000-0001-7218-7810","position":90,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":235064,"name":"Nic J.A. van der Wee","orcid":"0000-0003-3235-1633","position":91,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":109339,"name":"Anderson M. Winkler","orcid":"0000-0002-4169-9781","position":92,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":72962,"name":"Daniel S. Pine","orcid":"0000-0002-4301-9516","position":93,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":295776,"name":"Anita Harrewijn","orcid":"0000-0001-9938-4048","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":80,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:43:39.820288Z","pmid":"34599145","pmcid":"PMC8486763","fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":0.0,"fair_a":0.0,"fair_i":20.0,"fair_r":25.0,"fair_zscore":-1.1986,"fair_rationale":{"fair_score":4.17,"has_llm":true,"taxonomy_version":"fair_taxonomy_v5","dimensions":{"F":{"name":"Findable","score":0.0,"criteria":[{"key":"f_dataset_pid","label":"Persistent identifier for the data","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No persistent identifier for the study's own dataset is given anywhere in the text.","anchors":["RDA-F1-01D — FAIR Data Maturity Model: 'Data is identified by a persistent identifier' (priorit","RDA-F1-02D — FAIR Data Maturity Model: 'Data is identified by a globally unique identifier'","FsF-F1-02D — F-UJI/FAIRsFAIR: 'Data is assigned a persistent identifier'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"f_repository_named","label":"Named repository","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No repository or host is named for the study's own dataset; the data are not deposited in any named repository.","anchors":["RDA-F4-01M — FAIR Data Maturity Model: metadata is offered so it can be harvested and indexed (","NIH DMS Policy Element 4 (NOT-OD-21-014) — name the repository where data will be archived","NSTC Desirable Characteristics of Data Repositories (2022) — 'Long-Term Sustainability', 'Reten"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"f_data_availability_statement","label":"Data-availability statement","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No data-availability statement exists for the study's own dataset; the only availability statement is for code, which is not data.","anchors":["Colavizza, Hrynaszkiewicz, Staden, Whitaker & McGillivray (2020), 'The citation advantage of li","Springer Nature research data policy — Data Availability Statements: standard statement templat","RDA-F3-01M — metadata clearly and explicitly includes the identifier of the data it describes"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"f_discovery_metadata","label":"Description of the dataset as an object","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No itemised inventory of the dataset (files, variables, samples) is present; the paper describes the analysis but not the dataset structure. [majority verdict 'no' (4/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-F2-01M — 'Rich metadata is provided to allow discovery' (priority Essential)","FsF-F2-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes descriptive core elements to support data findability'","FsF-R1-01MD — F-UJI: 'Metadata specifies the content of the data'"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"f_dataset_cited","label":"Dataset formally cited","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No identifier for the dataset appears anywhere in the paper, either in the body text or in the reference list.","anchors":["FORCE11 Joint Declaration of Data Citation Principles (2014) — data should be cited as a first-","RDA-F3-01M — metadata clearly and explicitly includes the identifier of the data it describes","FsF-F3-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes the identifier of the data it describes'"],"scored":true,"signal":null}]},"A":{"name":"Accessible","score":0.0,"criteria":[{"key":"a_data_openly_accessible","label":"Access route free of preconditions","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"The paper provides no route to access the dataset; the only availability statement is for code, and it is on request, which is not a followable route for data.","anchors":["RDA-A1.1-01D — 'Data is accessible through a free access protocol'","FsF-A1-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata contains access level and access conditions of the data'","NSTC Desirable Characteristics of Data Repositories (2022) — 'Free and Easy Access'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"a_access_conditions_stated","label":"Access level labelled","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No access-level label is applied to the dataset; the text does not mention any conditions for accessing the data.","anchors":["FsF-A1-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata contains access level and access conditions of the data'","RDA-A1-01M — metadata contains information to enable the user to get access to the data","COAR Controlled Vocabularies — Access Rights v1.0 (open / embargoed / restricted / metadata-onl"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"a_controlled_access_for_sensitive","label":"Gatekeeper for sensitive data","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No gatekeeper is named for the study's own data; the data are not made available through any controlled-access procedure.","anchors":["NIH Genomic Data Sharing Policy (NOT-OD-14-124) — controlled-access via a Data Access Committee","RDA-A1.2-01D — 'Data is accessible through an access protocol that supports authentication and ","NIH DMS Policy Element 5 (NOT-OD-21-014) — Access, Distribution, or Reuse Considerations (conse"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"a_timeline_retention","label":"Availability timing & retention","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No statement about when the data are available or how long they persist.","anchors":["NIH DMS Plan Element 4 (NOT-OD-21-014) — Data Preservation, Access, and Associated Timelines","NSTC Desirable Characteristics (2022), Organizational Infrastructure: 'Retention Policy'","RDA-A2-01M — 'Metadata is guaranteed to remain available after data is no longer available'"],"scored":false,"signal":null}]},"I":{"name":"Interoperable","score":20.0,"criteria":[{"key":"i_open_nonproprietary_format","label":"Open file format","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No file format is named for the released data; the paper processes images but does not state the format of the deposited data.","anchors":["FsF-R1.3-02D — F-UJI: 'Data is available in a file format recommended by the target research co","RDA-R1.3-02D — data is expressed in a machine-understandable community standard","RDA-I1-01D — data uses a knowledge representation expressed in a standardised format"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"i_community_standard_vocabulary","label":"Community standard / vocabulary","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"All raw structural MRI images that were received were organized according to the Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS) specification","grounded":false,"rationale":"The paper names BIDS, a community standard for organising MRI data, as applied to the data. [downgraded to 'partial' — no verifiable quote from the paper] [majority verdict 'partial' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-R1.3-01M — 'Metadata complies with a community standard' (priority Essential)","RDA-R1.3-01D — 'Data complies with a community standard'","RDA-I2-01M — '(Meta)data use vocabularies that follow FAIR principles'"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"i_qualified_references","label":"Identifiers for the resources the data depend on","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"The paper does not provide an identifier for any external resource that the data depend on; it only gives citations. [majority verdict 'no' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-I3-01M — '(meta)data include references to other (meta)data'","RDA-I3-03M — 'metadata includes qualified references to other metadata'","FsF-I3-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes links between the data and its related entities'"],"scored":false,"signal":null}]},"R":{"name":"Reusable","score":25.0,"criteria":[{"key":"r_reuse_license","label":"Reuse licence","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"The paper licenses the article under CC BY 4.0, but no license is attached to the data itself.","anchors":["RDA-R1.1-01M — 'Metadata includes information about the licence under which the data can be reu","RDA-R1.1-02M — 'Metadata refers to a standard reuse licence'","RDA-R1.1-03M — 'Metadata refers to a machine-understandable reuse licence'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"r_provenance_methods","label":"Provenance of the data","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"All images were subsequently processed with FreeSurfer version 6.0.0","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper names a specific software tool (FreeSurfer 6.0.0) used to produce the data. [majority verdict 'yes' (4/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-R1.2-01M — 'Metadata includes provenance information according to community- specific standa","FsF-R1.2-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes provenance information about data creation or generati","W3C PROV-O (W3C Recommendation, 2013) — the entity/activity/agent model of provenance"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"r_documentation_codebook","label":"Documentation / codebook","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No documentation object (README, codebook, schema) is named as accompanying the data; the data are not deposited.","anchors":["RDA-R1-01M — '(Meta)data are richly described with a plurality of accurate and relevant attribu","FsF-R1-01MD — F-UJI: 'Metadata specifies the content of the data'","NIH DMS Policy Element 3 (NOT-OD-21-014) — Standards (documentation and metadata to accompany t"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"r_versioning","label":"Snapshot identified","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No version token or date is given for the dataset; the data are not deposited with a version identifier.","anchors":["DataCite Metadata Schema 4.6 — the 'Version' property","RDA-R1.2-01M — provenance information (which version was used is provenance)","NSTC Desirable Characteristics of Data Repositories (2022) — 'Provenance', 'Retention Policy'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"x_code_availability","label":"Analysis code available","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":"Code for data cleaning and analysis will be made available upon request.","grounded":true,"rationale":"The code is offered only on request to the authors, which is a discretionary personal request, not a machine-resolvable locator.","anchors":["NIH DMS Policy Element 2 (NOT-OD-21-014) — 'Related Tools, Software and/or Code'","FAIR4RS Principles v1.0 (Chue Hong et al., 2022; RDA/FORCE11/ReSA) — FAIR Principles for Resear","FORCE11 Software Citation Principles (Smith, Katz & Niemeyer, 2016, PeerJ CS 2:e86)"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"x_funding_attribution","label":"Funder and award number","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"Core funding for ENIGMA was provided by the NIH Big Data to Knowledge (BD2K) program under consortium grant U54 EB020403","grounded":true,"rationale":"A specific grant number (U54 EB020403) is given for the funding.","anchors":["DataCite Metadata Schema 4.6 — 'FundingReference' property (funderName, funderIdentifier, award","Crossref Funder Registry — canonical funder identifiers for funding metadata","RDA-F2-01M — rich metadata provided to allow discovery (funding is part of the descriptive reco"],"scored":true,"signal":null}]}},"actions":[{"key":"f_dataset_pid","dimension":"F","label":"Persistent identifier for the data","action":"Mint or cite a persistent identifier for the dataset — a repository DOI or an accession from a registered repository — and print it in the paper. A bare URL is not persistent: it is the single most common cause of a dead data link five years after publication. For neuroimaging data, deposit in OpenNeuro or NeuroVault.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No persistent identifier for the study's own dataset is given anywhere in the text.","gain":16.67,"priority":"essential","scored":true},{"key":"f_repository_named","dimension":"F","label":"Named repository","action":"Deposit the data in a repository registered in re3data/FAIRsharing (a domain repository such as GEO, SRA, dbGaP, PRIDE, or a generalist such as Zenodo, Dryad, Dataverse) and name it explicitly in the paper. A lab website is not an archive: it has no retention commitment and no accession. For neuroimaging data, deposit in OpenNeuro or NeuroVault.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No repository or host is named for the study's own dataset; the data are not deposited in any named repository.","gain":16.67,"priority":"essential","scored":true},{"key":"a_data_openly_accessible","dimension":"A","label":"Access route free of preconditions","action":"Remove the precondition or justify it. Release the data at publication with no embargo, no registration wall, and no approval step — NIH's zero-embargo public- access rule (NOT-OD-25-101) has already made 'available at publication' the federal baseline for the article; the data should not lag behind it. For neuroimaging data, deposit in OpenNeuro or NeuroVault.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"The paper provides no route to access the dataset; the only availability statement is for code, and it is on request, which is not a followable route for data.","gain":16.67,"priority":"essential","scored":true},{"key":"r_reuse_license","dimension":"R","label":"Reuse licence","action":"Attach a standard, machine-readable open licence to the deposit — CC0 or CC BY, which is what Horizon Europe and most funders expect — and print the licence identifier in the paper. 'Free to use' is not a licence: it grants nothing a reuser's institution can rely on.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"The paper licenses the article under CC BY 4.0, but no license is attached to the data itself.","gain":16.67,"priority":"essential","scored":true},{"key":"f_dataset_cited","dimension":"F","label":"Dataset formally cited","action":"Cite the dataset in the reference list like a publication — creator, year, title, repository, DOI/accession — and cite it in-text where it is used. Only a reference- list entry is machine-readable to Crossref/DataCite, and only a citation lets the data earn credit. Cite the neuroimaging repository accession (e.g. from OpenNeuro or NeuroVault) in the reference list.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No identifier for the dataset appears anywhere in the paper, either in the body text or in the reference list.","gain":8.33,"priority":"important","scored":true},{"key":"i_open_nonproprietary_format","dimension":"I","label":"Open file format","action":"Release the data in an open, community-standard format (CSV/TSV, JSON, HDF5, NetCDF, FASTQ, VCF, NIfTI…) instead of — or alongside — any proprietary or instrument-native format, and name the format in the paper. A dataset that needs a €2,000 licence to open is not reusable. Prefer open neuroimaging formats such as NIfTI or BIDS.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No file format is named for the released data; the paper processes images but does not state the format of the deposited data.","gain":8.33,"priority":"important","scored":true},{"key":"x_code_availability","dimension":"R","label":"Analysis code available","action":"Publish the analysis code in a public forge, archive a tagged release with a DOI (Zenodo/Software Heritage), and cite that DOI in the paper. NIH DMS Element 2 asks for the tools and code, not only the data — and 'available on request' is not a locator. Archive the analysis code in a versioned repository (GitHub + a Zenodo release DOI).","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":"Code for data cleaning and analysis will be made available upon request.","why":"The code is offered only on request to the authors, which is a discretionary personal request, not a machine-resolvable locator.","gain":8.33,"priority":"important","scored":true},{"key":"r_versioning","dimension":"R","label":"Snapshot identified","action":"Version the deposit and cite the exact version analysed (a version-specific DOI, or an accession with its version suffix). A reader reproducing your work against 'the current release' is reproducing it against a different dataset.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No version token or date is given for the dataset; the data are not deposited with a version identifier.","gain":4.17,"priority":"useful","scored":true},{"key":"f_data_availability_statement","dimension":"F","label":"Data-availability statement","action":"Replace the statement with the repository template: name the repository and give the accession or DOI (Colavizza category 3). This is the only DAS class associated with a measured citation advantage; 'available on reasonable request' and 'within the article' are not.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No data-availability statement exists for the study's own dataset; the only availability statement is for code, which is not data.","gain":0.0,"priority":"essential","scored":false},{"key":"f_discovery_metadata","dimension":"F","label":"Description of the dataset as an object","action":"Add a 'Data Records' section: itemise every file in the deposit and every variable or sample it holds, with counts and units. Describe the dataset as an object in its own right, not as a by-product of the findings — this is what makes it discoverable to someone who is not looking for your paper.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No itemised inventory of the dataset (files, variables, samples) is present; the paper describes the analysis but not the dataset structure. [majority verdict 'no' (4/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"essential","scored":false},{"key":"a_access_conditions_stated","dimension":"A","label":"Access level labelled","action":"State the access level in words, using the standard vocabulary: 'These data are open access' / 'These data are controlled access'. A reader — and a harvester — should not have to infer the access level from the presence of a download link.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No access-level label is applied to the dataset; the text does not mention any conditions for accessing the data.","gain":0.0,"priority":"important","scored":false},{"key":"i_community_standard_vocabulary","dimension":"I","label":"Community standard / vocabulary","action":"Adopt and NAME your domain's data standard — the minimum-information checklist, metadata schema, or ontology your community uses (MIAME/MINSEQE, ISA-Tab, BIDS, an OBO ontology, HL7 FHIR/OMOP) — and say which one you followed. A reporting checklist standardises your paper; it does nothing for your data. In neuroimaging, describe the data with BIDS, NIfTI or DICOM.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"All raw structural MRI images that were received were organized according to the Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS) specification","why":"The paper names BIDS, a community standard for organising MRI data, as applied to the data. [downgraded to 'partial' — no verifiable quote from the paper] [majority verdict 'partial' (3/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"important","scored":false},{"key":"r_documentation_codebook","dimension":"R","label":"Documentation / codebook","action":"Ship a README and a data dictionary IN the deposit — every file, every variable, its units, its allowed values, its missing-value codes. It is the cheapest single thing that makes a dataset usable by someone who was not in the lab, and a table buried in the article does not travel with the data.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No documentation object (README, codebook, schema) is named as accompanying the data; the data are not deposited.","gain":0.0,"priority":"important","scored":false},{"key":"a_controlled_access_for_sensitive","dimension":"A","label":"Gatekeeper for sensitive data","action":"Route sensitive data through an institutional gatekeeper — deposit in a controlled- access repository (dbGaP, EGA) with a Data Access Committee and a published DUA — rather than through the corresponding author's inbox. An author-gated dataset dies with the author's email address, and 'on reasonable request' has been shown repeatedly not to yield data.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No gatekeeper is named for the study's own data; the data are not made available through any controlled-access procedure.","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false},{"key":"i_qualified_references","dimension":"I","label":"Identifiers for the resources the data depend on","action":"Cite by identifier every resource the data depend on — the source datasets' accessions, the reference build (GRCh38 / GCA_000001405.28), the cohort application number, the code DOI — and register those relations on the dataset record (IsDerivedFrom, IsSupplementTo). A name is not a link: it cannot be resolved, versioned, or followed by a machine.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"The paper does not provide an identifier for any external resource that the data depend on; it only gives citations. [majority verdict 'no' (3/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false},{"key":"a_timeline_retention","dimension":"A","label":"Availability timing & retention","action":"State when the data become available AND how long they will be retained — cite the repository's preservation policy. NIH DMS Element 4 asks for both; most papers give neither.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No statement about when the data are available or how long they persist.","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false}],"suggestions":["Mint or cite a persistent identifier for the dataset — a repository DOI or an accession from a registered repository — and print it in the paper. A bare URL is not persistent: it is the single most common cause of a dead data link five years after publication. For neuroimaging data, deposit in OpenNeuro or NeuroVault.","Deposit the data in a repository registered in re3data/FAIRsharing (a domain repository such as GEO, SRA, dbGaP, PRIDE, or a generalist such as Zenodo, Dryad, Dataverse) and name it explicitly in the paper. A lab website is not an archive: it has no retention commitment and no accession. For neuroimaging data, deposit in OpenNeuro or NeuroVault.","Remove the precondition or justify it. Release the data at publication with no embargo, no registration wall, and no approval step — NIH's zero-embargo public- access rule (NOT-OD-25-101) has already made 'available at publication' the federal baseline for the article; the data should not lag behind it. For neuroimaging data, deposit in OpenNeuro or NeuroVault.","Attach a standard, machine-readable open licence to the deposit — CC0 or CC BY, which is what Horizon Europe and most funders expect — and print the licence identifier in the paper. 'Free to use' is not a licence: it grants nothing a reuser's institution can rely on.","Cite the dataset in the reference list like a publication — creator, year, title, repository, DOI/accession — and cite it in-text where it is used. Only a reference- list entry is machine-readable to Crossref/DataCite, and only a citation lets the data earn credit. Cite the neuroimaging repository accession (e.g. from OpenNeuro or NeuroVault) in the reference list."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","agent_version":"fair_agent_v8","fulltext_source":"unpaywall_pdf"},"fair_model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","fair_agent_version":"fair_agent_v8","fair_fulltext_source":"unpaywall_pdf","fair_has_llm":true,"fair_computed_at":"2026-07-20T11:12:07.297976Z","clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}