{"doi":"10.1038/s41387-024-00337-8","title":"Association of ultra-processed food consumption with cardiovascular risk factors among patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus","abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background</jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Ultra-processed foods mainly have high energy content and density and low nutrients. Unhealthy lifestyles mainly develop cardiovascular diseases and, as a result, unhealthy food patterns.</jats:p>\n              </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objective</jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) and the risk of novel cardiovascular disease (CVDs) in type-2 diabetes mellitus patients (T2DM).</jats:p>\n              </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Method</jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This is a cross-sectional study that was conducted on 490 type-2 diabetes mellitus patients. A validated 168-item food frequency questionnaire evaluated food intake. Ultra-processed foods were assessed according to NOVA classification. Cardiovascular risk factors such as Castelli risk index 1 and 2 (CRI-I and II), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), lipid accumulation product (LAP), and cholesterol index (CI) were assessed by traditional CVD risk factors. The anthropometric indices predicting CVD, such as a body shape index (ABSI), body roundness index (BRI), and abdominal volume index (AVI), were assessed.</jats:p>\n              </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results</jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Each 20-gram increase in UPF consumption was associated with a significant elevation in serum level of TC [B (SE): 1.214 (0.537); 95% CI: 0.159–2.269] and lower HDL serum concentration [B (SE): −0.371 (0.155); 95% CI: −0.675 to −0.067]. The crude model for CRI 1 [B (SE): 0.032 (0.012); 95% CI: 0.009–0.056], CRI 2 [B (SE): 0.022 (0.009); 95% CI: 0.004–0.040], and AIP [B (SE): 0.006 (0.003); 95% CI: 0.000–0.012] showed significant adverse effects.</jats:p>\n              </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our study showed that higher consumption of UPFs is associated with higher chances of developing cardiovascular diseases in T2DM patients.</jats:p>\n              </jats:sec>","journal":"Nutrition &amp; Diabetes","year":2024,"id":647251,"datarank":0.3453877639491069,"base_score":2.302585092994046,"endowment":2.302585092994046,"self_citation_contribution":0.3453877639491069,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.3453877639491069,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":9,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1632070,"name":"Ensieh Nasli-Esfahani","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1686202,"name":"Mobina Zeinalabedini","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1686203,"name":"Leila Azadbakht","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1686201,"name":"Mohammad Heidari Seyedmahalleh","orcid":"0000-0003-1064-1445","position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Association of ultra-processed food consumption with cardiovascular risk factors among patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus","abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background</jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Ultra-processed foods mainly have high energy content and density and low nutrients. Unhealthy lifestyles mainly develop cardiovascular diseases and, as a result, unhealthy food patterns.</jats:p>\n              </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objective</jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) and the risk of novel cardiovascular disease (CVDs) in type-2 diabetes mellitus patients (T2DM).</jats:p>\n              </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Method</jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This is a cross-sectional study that was conducted on 490 type-2 diabetes mellitus patients. A validated 168-item food frequency questionnaire evaluated food intake. Ultra-processed foods were assessed according to NOVA classification. Cardiovascular risk factors such as Castelli risk index 1 and 2 (CRI-I and II), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), lipid accumulation product (LAP), and cholesterol index (CI) were assessed by traditional CVD risk factors. The anthropometric indices predicting CVD, such as a body shape index (ABSI), body roundness index (BRI), and abdominal volume index (AVI), were assessed.</jats:p>\n              </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results</jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Each 20-gram increase in UPF consumption was associated with a significant elevation in serum level of TC [B (SE): 1.214 (0.537); 95% CI: 0.159–2.269] and lower HDL serum concentration [B (SE): −0.371 (0.155); 95% CI: −0.675 to −0.067]. The crude model for CRI 1 [B (SE): 0.032 (0.012); 95% CI: 0.009–0.056], CRI 2 [B (SE): 0.022 (0.009); 95% CI: 0.004–0.040], and AIP [B (SE): 0.006 (0.003); 95% CI: 0.000–0.012] showed significant adverse effects.</jats:p>\n              </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our study showed that higher consumption of UPFs is associated with higher chances of developing cardiovascular diseases in T2DM patients.</jats:p>\n              </jats:sec>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":2.302585092994046,"endowment":2.302585092994046,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"39433734","pmcid":"PMC11494205","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W4403591749","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":3.7029,"citation_percentile":0.93705815,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2025,"count":5},{"year":2026,"count":4}],"oa_status":"gold","license":"cc-by","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41387-024-00337-8.pdf","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41387-024-00337-8.pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41387-024-00337-8","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-024-00337-8","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39433734","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11494205","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://doaj.org/article/1c8ee7eb7e0545a9a7f51609a39d6a6e","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11494205/pdf/41387_2024_Article_337.pdf","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11494205","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11494205?pdf=render","host_type":"Europe_PMC"}],"fields_of_study":["Consumer Attitudes and Food Labeling","Dietary Effects on Health","Nutrition, Genetics, and Disease","Humans","Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","Cross-Sectional Studies","Male","Female","Middle Aged","Cardiovascular Diseases","Heart Disease Risk Factors","Fast Foods","Aged","Diet","Adult","Risk Factors","Food Handling","Food, Processed"],"mesh_terms":["Heart Disease Risk Factors","Food, Processed","Adult","Aged","Cardiovascular Diseases","Cross-Sectional Studies","Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","Diet","Female","Food Handling","Humans","Male","Middle Aged","Risk Factors","Fast Foods"],"keywords":["Medicine","Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","Internal medicine","Anthropometry","Diabetes mellitus","Body mass index","Type 2 diabetes","Endocrinology"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Zero hunger"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-09T17:37:51.570146Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}