{"doi":"10.1037/h0031619","title":"Measuring nominal scale agreement among many raters.","abstract":"Introduced the statistic kappa to measure nominal scale agreement between a fixed pair of raters. Kappa was generalized to the case where each of a sample of 30 patients was rated on a nominal scale by the same number of psychiatrist raters (n = 6), but where the raters rating 1 s were not necessarily the same as those rating another. Large sample standard errors were derived.","journal":"Psychological Bulletin","year":1971,"id":1521,"datarank":30.741354766693423,"base_score":9.038958755220563,"endowment":9.038958755220563,"self_citation_contribution":1.3558438132830846,"citation_network_contribution":29.38551095341034,"self_endowment_contribution":1.3558438132830846,"citer_contribution":29.38551095341034,"corpus_percentile":98.3,"corpus_rank":1901,"citation_count":8424,"citer_count":196,"citers_with_citation_signal":196,"citers_with_endowment":196,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"1971-11-01","authors":[{"id":17958,"name":"Joseph L. Fleiss","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":5,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-03-01T18:20:47.508186Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}