{"doi":"10.1037/com0000312","title":"A modified version of the dimensional change card sort task tests cognitive flexibility in children (Homo sapiens) and cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus).","abstract":"A modified Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) task was used to test cognitive flexibility in adult cotton-top tamarins and children aged 19 months to 60 months. Subjects had to infer a rule from the experience of selecting between two cards to earn a reward, and the pairs of stimuli defined the rule (e.g., pick blue ones, not red ones, or pick trucks, not boats). Two different tests measured subjects' ability to shift to a reversal of the rule (intradimensional shift) and to shift to a new rule defined by a dimension previously irrelevant (interdimensional shift). Both adult tamarins and children aged 49-60 months were able to learn the initial rule and switch to a reversal and to a rule based on a different dimension. In contrast, the two younger groups of children, aged 19-36 months and aged 37-48 months, could switch when a reversal was imposed but took significantly longer to learn a new rule on a former irrelevant dimension. Experiment 2 presented a wider set of novel stimuli which shared some features with the original set to further explore the basis of rule learning. The result was that tamarins and 52- to 60-month-old children both chose novel stimuli that fit the rule and had no a priori associative strength, suggesting a rule application not solely based on associative strength. Importantly, novel items introduced some risk for choice, and children showed themselves to be risk-averse, whereas tamarins were risk-prone within a novel context. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).","journal":"Journal of comparative psychology","year":2022,"id":288083,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":2,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9407,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2022-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":968947,"name":"Marie T. Balaban","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":968518,"name":"Kate Wagner","orcid":"0000-0002-7863-5247","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":968519,"name":"Alexandria Carlsen","orcid":"0000-0001-5556-3108","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":968948,"name":"Sarah Min","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":650857,"name":"Ye In Christopher Kwon","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":968520,"name":"Isabelle J. Rieth","orcid":"0000-0001-6222-9597","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":968517,"name":"Julie J. Neiworth","orcid":"0000-0002-1266-6876","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":40,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T00:30:11.069895Z","pmid":"35311322","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}