{"doi":"10.1037/1082-989x.7.1.83","title":"A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects.","abstract":"A Monte Carlo study compared 14 methods to test the statistical significance of the intervening variable effect. An intervening variable (mediator) transmits the effect of an independent variable to a dependent variable. The commonly used R. M. Baron and D. A. Kenny (1986) approach has low statistical power. Two methods based on the distribution of the product and 2 difference-in-coefficients methods have the most accurate Type I error rates and greatest statistical power except in 1 important case in which Type I error rates are too high. The best balance of Type I error and statistical power across all cases is the test of the joint significance of the two effects comprising the intervening variable effect.","journal":"Psychological Methods","year":2002,"id":2597,"datarank":16.96585701007727,"base_score":9.115590035430372,"endowment":9.115590035430372,"self_citation_contribution":1.3673385053145561,"citation_network_contribution":15.598518504762714,"self_endowment_contribution":1.3673385053145561,"citer_contribution":15.598518504762714,"corpus_percentile":91.6,"corpus_rank":1450,"citation_count":9095,"citer_count":188,"citers_with_citation_signal":188,"citers_with_endowment":188,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2002-01-01","authors":[{"id":30654,"name":"Chondra M. Lockwood","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":27685,"name":"Jeanne M. Hoffman","orcid":"0000-0002-3525-3839","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":30655,"name":"Stephen G. West","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":30656,"name":"Virgil Sheets","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":30657,"name":"Virgil L. Sheets","orcid":"0000-0002-7333-7515","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":30653,"name":"David P. MacKinnon","orcid":"0000-0003-0866-6010","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":48,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-03-01T18:20:47.508186Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}