{"doi":"10.1037/0022-006x.51.3.390","title":"Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change.","abstract":"An integrative model of change was applied to the study of 872 Ss (mean age 40 yrs) who were changing their smoking habits on their own. Ss represented the following 5 stages of change: precontemplation, contemplation, action, maintenance, and relapse. 10 processes of change were expected to receive differential emphases during particular stages of change. Results indicate that Ss (a) used the fewest processes of change during precontemplation; (b) emphasized consciousness raising during the contemplation stage; (c) emphasized self-reevaluation in both contemplation and action stages; (d) emphasized self-liberation, a helping relationship, and reinforcement management during the action stage; and (e) used counterconditioning and stimulus control the most in both action and maintenance stages. Relapsers responded as a combination of contemplaters and people in action would. Results are discussed in terms of developing a model of self-change of smoking and enhancing a more integrative general model of change. (14 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1983 American Psychological Association.","journal":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology","year":1983,"id":10535,"datarank":20.355420745291273,"base_score":9.060679597421776,"endowment":9.060679597421776,"self_citation_contribution":1.3591019396132666,"citation_network_contribution":18.996318805678005,"self_endowment_contribution":1.3591019396132666,"citer_contribution":18.996318805678005,"corpus_percentile":93.0,"corpus_rank":1802,"citation_count":8609,"citer_count":177,"citers_with_citation_signal":177,"citers_with_endowment":177,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"1983-01-01","authors":[{"id":87304,"name":"Carlo C. DiClemente","orcid":"0000-0001-9121-1417","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":87303,"name":"James O. Prochaska","orcid":"0000-0002-7004-1348","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":12,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-03-01T18:20:47.508186Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}