{"doi":"10.1024/1016-264x/a000423","title":"Abstract Volume of the 9th Scientific Meeting of the Federation of the European Neuropsychological Societies (FESN) and 40th Annual Meeting of the German Neuropsychological Society (GNP)","abstract":"Aims: The Color Trails Test (CTT) was developed as a culture-fair measure of speeded visual attention and executive function and is commonly used to assess individuals from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds.This study aimed to explore the applicability of the CTT manual norms in a multicultural White European sample by comparing CTT time normative scores of European participants with an American (US) sample, and examining the contribution of culturespecific degree of individualism, measured by the Kogut and Singh Individualism Index (KSI).Method: CTT1 and CTT2 demographically adjusted standard scores (SS; mean=100, SD=15) of healthy adult participants, derived from several normative and cross-cultural studies, were compared across four European regions: North Europe (NE: Denmark, Norway, Sweden), West Europe (WU: Belgium), East Europe (EE:Poland, Russia), and South Europe (SU:Greece, Spain), and the US.The US sample was used as the reference in unadjusted and adjusted for KSI analysis of covariance models.Results: The 903 participants had a mean age of 50 years (SD=20.3),a mean education of 13 years (SD=3.5);55% were women.In unadjusted models, CTT1 and CTT2 SS were significantly lower for all European regions compared to the U.S. CTT1 SS (NE: Estimate (Est.)=-9.61,95% Confidence Interval (CI)=-12.94,-6.28; WE: Est.=-8.44,CI=-12.45,-4.43; EE: Est.=-12.90,CI=-15.99,-9.81; SE: Est.=-10.93,CI=-13.88,-7.98) and CTT2 SS (NE: Est.=-11.00,CI=-14.53,-7.47; WE: Est.=-13.24,CI=-17.48,-9.00; EE: Est.=-11.29,CI=-14.56,-8.03; SE: Est.=-11.42,CI=-14.54,-8.30).In models adjusted for Individualism, differences were no longer significant for CTT1 but remained significant for CTT2.Discussion: In the unadjusted analysis, European participants performed significantly slower on both CTT1 and CTT2 compared to the US sample.Adjustment for KSI accounted for group differences on CTT1 but not on CTT2.CTT1, which measures the speed of visual processing, is more likely to be affected by culture-specific factors (e.g., KSI), as the value of fast performance differs across cultures: more individualistic societies tend to place higher emphasis on efficiency.Although CTT2 is also a speeded task, it assesses aspects of executive function involved in alternating sequencing and shifting set, which are less influenced by cultural values/individualism. Conclusion:The findings demonstrate significant cultural differences in CTT performance in an ethnically homogeneous (White) but culturally diverse sample, even after adjusting for age and education and suggests the presence of cultural influences on the CTT, despite its culture-fair intent.Neuropsychologists are thus cautioned about using the manual norms for the assessment of European individuals, and are encouraged to be mindful in their interpretation of test scores and normative data when working with culturally dissimilar individuals, regardless of ethnicity.","journal":"Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie","year":2025,"id":569461,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.7801,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1474658,"name":"Lalatović, Staša","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1474659,"name":"Vico, Ana","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1474660,"name":"Milovanović, Maja","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1474661,"name":"Čvorović, Đurđica","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1474662,"name":"Mihailović, Ana","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1474663,"name":"Parojčić, Aleksandra","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1474664,"name":"Krstić, Nadežda","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1474657,"name":"Pavlović, Viktor","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:56:59.652443Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}