{"doi":"10.1017/s2040174422000642","title":"Prenatal trimester-specific intake of micronutrients: global DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation at birth and persistence in childhood","abstract":"Abstract The prenatal environment may program health and disease susceptibility via epigenetic mechanisms. We evaluated associations of maternal trimester-specific intake of micronutrients with global DNA methylation (%5mC) and 5-hydroxymethylation (%5hmC) at birth in cord blood and tested for persistence into childhood. We quantified global %5mC and %5hmC in cord blood cells ( n = 434) and in leukocytes collected in early ( n = 108) and mid-childhood ( n = 390) from children in Project Viva, a pre-birth cohort from Boston, MA. Validated food frequency questionnaires estimated maternal first- and second-trimester intakes of vitamin B 2 , vitamin B 6 , vitamin B 12 , folate, betaine, choline, methionine, iron, and zinc. Mean (SD) cord blood %5mC and %5hmC was 5.62% (2.04) and 0.25% (0.15), respectively. Each μg increase in first-trimester B 12 intake was associated with 0.002 lower %5hmC in cord blood (95% CI: −0.005, −0.0003), and this association persisted in early childhood ( β = −0.007; 95% CI: −0.01, −0.001) but not mid-childhood. Second-trimester iron (mg) was associated with 0.01 lower %5mC (95% CI: −0.02, −0.002) and 0.001 lower %5hmC (95% CI: −0.01, −0.00001) in cord blood only. Increased second-trimester zinc (mg) intake was associated with 0.003 greater %5hmC in early childhood ( β = 0.003; 95% CI: 0.0004, 0.006). Second-trimester folate was positively associated with %5hmC in early childhood only ( β = 0.08, 95% CI: 0.003, 0.16). Associations did not survive multiple testing adjustment; future replication is needed. Trimester-specific nutrients may impact various sensitive windows of epigenetic programming some with lasting effects in childhood. Further research is needed to understand the role of gene-specific epigenetic changes and how global DNA methylation measures relate to child health.","journal":"Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease","year":2022,"id":266890,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":9,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9537,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2022-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":254530,"name":"Sheryl L. Rifas‐Shiman","orcid":"0000-0003-0033-920X","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":338908,"name":"Anne K. Bozack","orcid":"0000-0003-0046-5767","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":282206,"name":"Andrea Baccarelli","orcid":"0000-0002-3436-0640","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":24957,"name":"Dawn L. DeMeo","orcid":"0000-0001-9653-0636","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":230358,"name":"Marie‐France Hivert","orcid":"0000-0001-7752-2585","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":927045,"name":"Lode Godderis","orcid":"0000-0003-4764-8835","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":882517,"name":"Radu Corneliu Duca","orcid":"0000-0002-9350-3816","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":239883,"name":"Emily Oken","orcid":"0000-0003-2513-3339","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":274134,"name":"Andrés Cárdenas","orcid":"0000-0003-2284-3298","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":839321,"name":"Ella Parsons","orcid":"0000-0002-9967-4173","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":32,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T00:26:58.102271Z","pmid":"36515010","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}