{"doi":"10.1017/s0424820100116772","title":"Borates as Agents for Negative Staining","abstract":"<jats:p>Negatively stained biological specimens generally can reveal information only to the quaternary level of macromolecular ultrastructure. In addition to the damaging influences of electron irradiation (e.g., 1), this limitation is due to such factors as the relatively large size of the staining agents being used, the physical and chemical interactions of the stain with the wet specimens, and the lack of a stable amorphous state in the dried stain. All heavy metal negative stains give much more contrast than is actually needed to reveal and record information; agents containing lighter atoms might provide improved qualities in some of the non-optical aspects while still giving adequate contrast. A preliminary study has shown that aluminum potassium sulfate and sodium tetraborate can function successfully as negative stains despite their lack of any heavy atom content. The tetraborate stain has provided information about ferritin and apoferritin that was not revealed with the usual stains.</jats:p>","journal":"Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America","year":1975,"id":46172,"datarank":0.10397207708399181,"base_score":0.6931471805599453,"endowment":0.6931471805599453,"self_citation_contribution":0.10397207708399181,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.10397207708399181,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":1,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":214551,"name":"William H. Massover","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"base_score":0.6931471805599453,"endowment":0.6931471805599453,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"24551422","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W3036584372","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":0.0,"citation_percentile":0.28442446,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[],"oa_status":"closed","license":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0424820100116772","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"http://doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100116772","host_type":"journal"}],"fields_of_study":["Molecular Biology Techniques and Applications","Hydrogen embrittlement and corrosion behaviors in metals","Electron and X-Ray Spectroscopy Techniques"],"mesh_terms":[],"keywords":["Stain","Staining","Negative stain","Biophysics","Chemistry","Ferritin","Chemical agents","Potassium","Electron microscope","Biochemistry","Pathology","Biology","Organic chemistry","Medicine","Optics","Physics"],"sdg_mappings":[],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-07T03:38:38.440706Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}