{"doi":"10.1017/psy.2025.19","title":"Show Me Some ID: A Universal Identification Program for Structural Equation Models","abstract":"With models and research designs ever increasing in complexity, the foundational question of model identification is more important than ever. The determination of whether or not a model can be fit at all or fit to some particular data set is the essence of model identification. In this article, we pull from previously published work on data-independent model identification applicable to a broad set of structural equation models, and extend it further to include extremely flexible exogenous covariate effects and also to include data-dependent empirical model identification. For illustrative purposes, we apply this model identification solution to several small examples for which the answer is already known, including a real data example from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth; however, the method applies similarly to models that are far from simple to comprehend. The solution is implemented in the open-source OpenMx package in R.","journal":"Psychometrika","year":2025,"id":543917,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":1,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9496,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":287182,"name":"Robert M. Kirkpatrick","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":228673,"name":"Michael C. Neale","orcid":"0000-0003-4887-659X","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":750850,"name":"Michael D. Hunter","orcid":"0000-0002-3651-6709","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":57,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:53:08.338070Z","pmid":"40270260","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}